Detta är html-versionen av filens http://www.salzburg.gv.at/en/2001_kositsky_et_al._-_ussr_review-2.pdf.
G o o g l e skapar automatiskt en html-version av dokument när vi söker igenom webben.
Dessa söktermer har markerats: influence mind electromagnetic 
Influence of High-frequency Electromagnetic Radiation at Non-thermal Intensities on the Human Body
Page 1
Volume 3, Number 1 – Supplement
February 2001
1. Introduction
2. Natural Electromagnetic Background
3. History of Research in the USSR
4. Physical Approach to Resonant Absorption of Low-
intensity HF EMR
5. Reception of EHF EMR at the Cellular Level
6. Experiments on Animals
7. HF EMR in Medicine
8. Mechanisms of Action of EHF EMR on Biological
Objects
9. Standards and Normalization of HF EMR
10. Effects of High-frequency Communications Media on
Human Health
11. Discussion
12. Conclusions
13. Appendix
14. References
1. Introduction
This rev i ew examines pri m a ri ly direct ex p e ri m e n t a l
studies of the effects of low-intensity high fre q u e n cy electro -
magnetic fields (HF EMF) on biological subjects, including
humans. Unlike ep i d e m i o l ogical observat i o n s , d i re c t
experiments allow parameters of the acting EMF to be
established more accurately, the condition of the subject to
be monitored before and during exposure and for a certain
period afterwards, and scientific hypotheses on the mecha-
nisms of the effects to be verified. Clinical experiments
done with the intention of improving the condition of the
patients are the only legitimate experiments on people, and
for this reason, published articles more often deal with the
positive effects of HF EMF. One should consider, however,
that EMFs with therapeutic effects comprise only a minus-
cule portion of all acting fields, and that there is a large
probability of harmful effects from incidental generalized
exposure, as confirmed in experiments on animals.
Currently we still do not know the specific receptor in
humans for perception of extremely high frequency elec-
tromagnetic radiation (EHF EMR). Nevertheless, the pres-
ence of sensory reactions has been established during local
peripheral exposure of humans to EHF EMR [Andreev,
Beliy and Sit’ko, 1985]. At this moment in time, the fol-
lowing can be considered established:
1) Humans are cap able of diffe re n t i ating re l i ably
between exposure to EHF EMR and a sham exposure;
2) Electromagnetic sensitivity in humans is determined
by the biotropic characteristics of the EHF EMR: fre-
quency, power, time and place of exposure;
The most typical reaction in humans is of a resonant
character and is observed during changes in the exposure
frequency [Andreev, Beliy and Sit’ko, 1985].
No Place To Hide - Newsletter of the Cellular Phone Taskforce Inc.
Influence of High-frequency Electromagnetic Radiation
at Non-thermal Intensities on the Human Body
(A review of work by Russian and Ukrainian researchers)
Nikolai Nikolaevich Kositsky1, Aljona Igorevna Nizhelska2 and Grigory Vasil’evich Ponezha3
Translation by Patricia Ormsby
From the 1Informational Support Laboratory, 2Special Measurements
Laboratory, and 3Quantum Physics Laboratory, Scientific Research
Center of Quantum Medicine “Vidhuk”.
Adress correspondence to: N.N. Kositsky, SRC “Vidhuk”, 61-B,
Volodymyrska Str., Kiev 01033, Ukraine.
Commissioned by EMFacts Consultancy, Australia, and Powerwatch,
England. Partially funded by the Foundation for Children with
Leukaemia.
Copyright © 2001 by Cellular Phone Taskforce, Inc.
Page 2
The use of extremely low power EHF EMR of 10-19
W/Hz in millimeter wave resonance therapy for treating
people involves selection of an individual frequency which
has the maximum therapeutic effect [Andreev, Beliy and
Sit’ko, 1985; Sit’ko, Skripnik and Yanenko, 1999].
3) The so-called points of Chinese acupuncture play a
particular role in this reception, and are notable for having
been used for thousands of years in treating practically all
systems of the human body.
2. Natural Electromagnetic Background
Natural sources of background EMF consist mainly of
objects of cosmic origin: radio emissions from the sun and
planets, relict radiation, and noise from atmospheric events
[Pisanko, Pyasetskiy].
Background microwave radiation—relict radiation—is
cosmic radiation with a spectrum characteristic of an abso-
lutely black body at a temperature of 2.7 K; it determines
the intensity of the background radiation of the universe in
the shortwave radio band (in cm, mm and sub-mm waves).
It is characterized by the highest degree of isotropy. The
main contribution to the energy density is made by radia-
tion with wavelengths from 6 to 0.6 mm. In this range, the
energy density is 0.25 eV/cm3. Radio emissions from an
active sun, during eruptions and flares, are observed at fre-
quencies of 1.2, 3, 9.5, 35 and 70 GHz, raising the total
activity by 30%. The intensity of natural background EMR
is at a maximum in the morning hours and at a minimum in
the evening. A power flux density (PFD) of 3 x 10-7
mW/cm2 in the range of 100-300 GHz was recorded on the
Earth’s surface when the atmospheric concentration of
water vapor was 2.7g/m3. EMR with wavelengths less than
3 cm is absorbed by resonance in the atmosphere:
1) in precipitation (rain, fog, snow);
2) by molecular absorption in water vapor and oxygen.
Researchers [Yesepkina, Korol’kov and Pariyskiy] note
the resonant absorption of water vapor at frequencies of 26
and 188 GHz. Atmospheric oxygen has absorption maxima
at frequencies of 60 and 118.7 GHz. In addition, this band
contains windows of transparency at wavelengths of 8.6
mm, 3.2 mm, 2.1 mm and 1.2 mm.
R a d i ation in the mm band penetrating from space
through the windows of transparency can be considered to
be the primary radiation. On Earth, the heating of various
physical bodies also gives rise to radiation in the mm band,
which can be considered secondary. Such sources of EHF
EMR are water, sand, bricks, plaster, granite, marble,
wood, etc. [Sit’ko, Skripnik and Yanenko, 1999].
Since living organisms have evolved under conditions of
low natural background EHF EMR, they lack a ready-made
mechanism of evolutionary adaptation to heightened levels
of radiation resulting from technogenic factors.
3. History of Research in the USSR
In the 1950s in the USSR, there was development in a
new scientific direction—mastery of the millimeter (EHF)
portion of the spectrum of coherent electromagnetic oscil-
lations [O.V. Betskiy, 1997]. This work was conducted in
the organizations of the Ministry of Electronic Industry, in
the Academies of Science of the USSR and Ukrainian SSR,
and in institutions of higher education. The Scientific
Council on the Problem of “Generation, Amplification and
Transformation in the mm Wave Band” was founded under
the direction of academician N.D. Devyatkov.
In the 1960s, all necessary instrumentation was created
for the millimeter and sub-millimeter wavelength bands.
In 1965, N.D. Devyatkov and his coworkers set forth an
original idea that all living organisms on Earth are not
adapted to this type of radiation, because under natural con-
ditions it is practically absent due to strong absorption by
the Earth’s atmosphere (mainly by water vapor). A propo-
sition was also put forward about the possibility that low-
intensity electromagnetic waves have specific effects on
biological structures and organisms. Research was begun
on the interaction of mm-waves with biological objects.
The research showed that generation of coherent waves
by cells is a systemic process in which cell membranes,
protein molecules and transport mechanisms are involved.
There are data on excitation in cells of coherent oscilla-
tions in a wide range of frequencies, but a particularly large
part of the data are concerned with frequencies of 30 to 300
GHz, which corresponds to the mm wavelength range.
Three possible channels were pointed out for conduction
of operative signals within an organism over considerable
distances: the nervous system, the humoral system and the
system of acupuncture points. In addition, a number of
peculiarities of these channels were discovered:
• Conduction of signals through the nervous system is
accomplished in the myelin sheaths of the axons.
• Conduction of signals through the humoral system is
connected with the movement of generating cells through
the blood and lymphatic systems. In this way, within the
organism, the transmission of signals is accomplished, ap-
parently, not by conduction of radiation, not by movement
of charges, but by the displacement of generator-cells, the
oscillations of which reflect the information being carried.
• Water molecules strongly absorb EHF radiation, and
play a big role in various biophysical effects involving mm
waves.
Many biochemical processes, including processes in
biomembranes, are sensitive to environmental mixing (as
the result of local heating and convection). It was found
experimentally that low-intensity EHF radiation can cause
acceleration of active transport of sodium ions (at an energy
flux density (EFD) of 1 mW/cm2), a change in the perme-
ability of erythrocyte membranes to potassium ions (EFD
2
No Place To Hide
Page 3
of 1-5 mW/cm2), acceleration of peroxide oxidation of
unsaturated fatty acids in liposomes (EFD of 1 mW/cm2),
increase of ion conductivity of bilayered lipid membranes
(EFD of 1-10 mW/cm2), etc.
One of the more interesting experimental facts discov-
ered by A.Z. Smolyanskaya, L.A. Sevastianova, and others
in irradiating various microorganisms with mm waves in
1968-71, was the dependency of biological effects on fre-
quency.
Under the influence of EHF EMR (wavelength of 5.6
mm, EFD of 0.5 mW/cm2), the nature of the change in
potential difference of the plasma membrane of a growing
cell was identical to that which arises during exposure to
photosynthetic active radiation [Petrov, Betskiy]. It was
deduced that mm wavelengths have the ability to stimulate
the synthesis of ATP in the cell.
[Tambiev and Kirikova] studied the effect of low-inten-
sity EHF EMR on the growth of biomass of Spirulina, a
blue-green alga. Over the course of multi-year experiments
it was shown that along with growth in biomass of the alga
(as much as 300%), there was significantly increased syn-
thesis of biologically active substances (vitamins, carbohy-
drates, etc.) which are excreted into the environment.
From the beginning of the 1960s in the USSR, a wide
range of research was conducted on the health of people
who had contact with EMF on the job. The results of clini-
cal research showed that prolonged contact with EMF in
the SHF band can lead to development of diseases, the clin-
ical profile of which is determined above all by changes in
the functional condition of the nervous and cardiovascular
systems. It was proposed to define it as a specific illness—
radiowave sickness. This illness can have three syndromes
according to the acuteness of the disease:
• asthenic syndrome;
• astheno-vegetative syndrome;
• hypothalamic syndrome.
4. Physical Approach to Resonant Absorption of Low-
intensity HF EMR
The basis of the chosen approach was a concept about
the dissipation of energy of EHF radio waves in a non-
homogenous object upon their resonant penetration into the
object [Pe t ro s ya n , Z h i t e n eva , G u lya ev]. During this
process, energy in the form of monochromatic mm waves
should be transformed into thermal energy in the molecular
environment of the object according to Planck’s law of
radiation. It has also been thought that this additional noise
energy may be taken as a change in intensity of the radio
wave noise produced by the object itself, or the radioecho
of the object, in a wide range of frequencies in the SHF
region, including the decimeter. Because the depth of pen-
etration of decimeter waves into aqueous media is greater
by several orders of magnitude than the skin layer for the
mm range, the detection of a radioecho from the object in
the dm range would signify penetration of EHF EMR into
the object at resonant frequencies.
To avoid possible experimental errors, special measures
were adopted. Detection of the radioecho of the object
exposed to EHF radiation was done radiometrically with
the aid of a highly sensitive SHF radiometer working in a
bandwidth of 50 MHz with a fluctuational sensitivity of 0.1
K(<10-20 W) at a time constant of one second. Another SHF
radiometer was used as a control, tuned to a frequency of
0.4 GHz with analogous parameters. Use of an antenna
allowed radioecho signals to be taken from any point on the
object. The source of monochromatic EHF EMR was a set
of tunable generators, which continuously covered the
range of 4-120 GHz. For controlling the quality of the radi-
ation from the generators, a standard generator was also
used.
Research was done on the human body, on animals, on
water under various conditions, and on a number of other
objects in liquid or aqueous dispersed conditions.
The basic result of this experimental research was the
discovery of “physical” EHF resonance. Physical reso-
nance explains maximum radioecho of an object in a
narrow range of EHF EMR frequencies. It is well known
that a non-linear medium responding to an external peri-
odic influence may be found in one of three dynamic con-
ditions—chaotic, oscillating or stationary—depending on
the intensity of the influence. All of these three conditions
were observed clearly when the power of the EHF radiation
was changed. A stationary state was achieved by cardinal
reduction of the EHF power from 10 mW/cm2 to a level of
less than 10 µW/cm2. Only under these conditions were the
echoes received adequate, in relation to the intensity of the
EHF radiation, to allow physical resonances to be detected.
In this sense, EHF resonance is a threshold effect at a
low enough level of power compared to the fundamen-
tal parameter—the intensity of the medium’s own mol-
ecular vibrations—with no effect found at levels higher
than this.
From the experimental results they obtained, the authors
[Petrosyan, Zhiteneva, Gulyaev] drew the following con-
clusions:
• There exist radiophysical resonances of size interac-
tion of EHF radiowaves with objects;
• Spontaneous shifts of resonant frequency and low-
frequency auto-oscillations are observed;
• EHF resonances of biological objects (humans)
coincide with those of physical objects (water);
• Various liquids and aqueous dispersed media have
individual characteristic EHF spectra.
It can be stated that penetration of EHF radiowaves into
a medium (object) occurs at the resonant frequencies of the
molecular oscillators of the medium, and the resonant inter-
February, 2001 – Supplement
3
Page 4
action must be interpreted as resonant transparency of the
medium to EHF radiowaves, not as the absence of absorp-
tion by that medium.
5. Reception of EHF EMR at the Cellular Level
[Alipov, Belyaev, et al.] investigated the action of mm
waves on the genome conformational state of E. coli cells
and thymocytes of male rats of the Wistar line. The maxi-
mum effect was at a frequency of 41.303 GHz, with a res-
onant halfwidth band of 6 MHz (for the thymocytes); a
frequency of 51.755 GHz and a halfwidth of 23 MHz and
3.3 MHz when the power flux density was 10-7 W/cm2 and
10-18 W/cm2, respectively (for E. coli), with a time of irra-
diation of 10 minutes. It was shown in both cases that there
are commonalities in the reactions of live cells to mm
waves: resonant echo, sensitivity of cells to super-low
intensity EMF, and evidence of rules of selection by helic-
i t y. It was established that the quality of re s o n a n c e s
increases (reduction of the halfwidth of the resonant line)
as the intensity of the mm waves is reduced.
A comparison of the effects of EHF EMR in the near
(induction) field and the far field of an antenna on the activ-
ity of immune system cells was made in the research of
[Gapeev, Safronova, Chemeris and Fesenko]. The studies
we re done using peri t o n e a l - ex t racted neutrophils fro m
mice of the SPF category (free of pathogenic microorgan-
isms). One of the main complications in conducting exper-
iments on cells is the high level of absorption of EHF EMR
by aqueous media [Novskova and Gayduk]. This difficulty
can lead to non-uniform results and poor repeatability. We
will introduce detailed descriptions of the experimental
conditions in which the researchers tried to allow for the
majority of complicating factors.
Irradiation of the neutrophils was done from beneath the
bottom of plastic containers. The thickness of the bottom of
the containers was 0.2-0.3 mm. When the neutrophils were
placed in the container, they adhered to the bottom and
after a few minutes formed a monolayer with a thickness of
less than 0.1 mm, the total height of the solution inside the
container being 2 mm. Calculation of the absorbed energy
flux density (AEFD) at distance x from the radiating face of
the slotted radiator was done according to the formula P =
P0/(1 + x/a)2, where a = 98 mm, P0 = 3.76 mW/cm2, when
maximum power at the exit of the generator was about 58
mW. Taking into consideration that the depth of the skin
layer for EHF EMR is about 0.78-0.23 mm over the range
of frequencies of 30-300 GHz, and after estimating the spe-
cific absorption rate (SAR) in a layer of solution with a
depth of about 0.1-0.2 mm, they obtained the AEFD value
corresponding to absorption of radiation by the layer of
solution containing the cells. In the near field region of the
slotted radiator, at distances of 10-100 mm from its face,
the SAR was estimated with the aid of a microthermocou-
ple by the rate of temperature increase in the experimental
container filled with the physiological solution. The AEFD
in the near field was calculated proportionally to the SAR,
taking into account the area of the bottom of the container
and the mass of the solution.
Most frequently, irradiation of biological objects in the
EHF band is done in the near field of the source, at dis-
tances of R<2D2/λ from the radiating face of the antennas.
The non-uniformity of the EMF in the near field, however,
may be one of the causes of artifacts. In the plane of the
object there may exist a multi-modal interferential pattern
of distribution of SAR, which determines the unevenness of
absorption of EHF EMR energy by the object [Khizhnyak
and Ziskin]. It was shown by thermographic methods that
the slotted radiator guarantees (in contrast to horn or dielec-
tric antennas) distribution of the SAR in the plane of the
phantom without local spots of overheating throughout the
entire range of frequencies used (37.5-53.5 GHz). Only one
spot of warming was detected with an elliptical form, the
area of which grew in direct proportion to the square of the
distance from the face of the radiator. In this way, it was
shown that the slotted radiator has good directionality, and
guarantees wide-band coordination of the radiation with
the irradiated object over the entire range of frequencies
used, and uniform distribution of SAR in the plane of the
object both in the near field and the far field of the antenna,
which, as we think, allows this radiating system to be used
for irradiation of biological objects without artifacts in
either the near or far field of the radiator. Considering the
dimensions of the zone necessary for uniform irradiation of
the biological object being studied and optimal AEFD, the
plane of the object was positioned at a fixed distance from
the face of the radiator: 65 mm in the near field or 400 mm
in the far field of the antenna. In this situation, the AEFD in
the near field was an even 240 µW/cm2, and in the far field,
about 100 µW/cm2.
Methodologically it would be more correct to irradiate
biological objects in the far field of the radiators, where
conditions of irradiation are more precisely defined: 1) the
wavefront is formed and there is a flat transverse wave; 2)
the E and H vectors are orthogonal to each other and
orthogonal to the direction of propagation of the wave (in
contrast to the near field, the far field has only a travelling
wave); 3) the components of the E and H vectors in the far
field are inversely proportional to the first power of the dis-
tance from the antenna, and their relationship to each other
is constant, while in the near field the energy of the electric
field predominates; 4) in the far field the coordination of the
radiation with the load is determined basically by parame-
ters of the load itself, in contrast to the near field, where the
antenna has a strong influence.
At a carrying frequency of 41.95 GHz, maximal inhibi-
tion of the synergetic reaction was discovered to be about
4
No Place To Hide
Page 5
25%, differing reliably from the effect of EHF EMR for
other carrying frequencies. The AEFD in this series of
experiments was approximately 50 µW/cm2. The size of the
effect depended weakly on the AEFD, and when the AEFD
was between 20 and 150 µW/cm2, it averaged 24%. Based
on the experimental data, it can be proposed that EHF EMR
affects the calcium-dependent systems of intracellular sig-
naling. The effect may be connected with changes in [Ca++]
or affinity of proteins, including proteinkinase C, for cal-
cium ions [Safronova].
[Alovskaya, Gabdulkhakova, et al.] studied the influence
of EHF EMR on cells of the immune system. It is known
f rom the literat u re [Arzumanov, B e t s k i y, D ev yat kov,
Lebedeva, et al.] that the action of EHF EMR leads to mod-
ulation of immune reactions in humans and animals. From
the position of the information theory of interaction of low-
intensity EHF EMR with biological systems [Devyatkov,
Golant and Betskiy], there is no substantial influence of
low-intensity EHF EMR on a normally functioning cell, but
if the functioning of the cell is disturbed, even weak exter-
nal influences can change its metabolic profile. [Geletyuk,
K a z a ch e n ko , C h e m e ris and Fe s e n ko; and Safro n ova ,
Gapeev, et al..] considered that for the effect of EHF EMR
there may correspond a physiological status of the cell. It is
possible that the immunomodulating action of EHF EMR
during illnesses is directed to those specific cells with
changed functional status. Neutrophils provide the swiftest
reactions of the immune system to harmful influences. In
the body, neutrophils may be in resting, primed or activated
states. Neutrophils in the activated state carry out their
physiological function, directed to protecting the body
from harmful factors. Primed neutrophils are characterized
by metabolic restructuring taking place in the cell, but the
functional activity of the cell does not change until a sub-
sequent activating stimulus enhances its responsiveness
many-fold. Authors [Alovskaya, Gabdulkhakova, et al.]
showed that the reaction of neutrophils to EHF EMR with
given parameters (frequency and power) depends on their
functional status. They evaluated the functional activity of
neutrophils according to their production of active forms of
oxygen (AFO) by the chemiluminescence (CL) analysis
method. The level of [Ca++] was measured with the help of
a fluorescent probe. For irradiation of the neutrophils, a
broadband slotted radiator was connected to a high-fre-
quency signal generator. The distance from the radiator to
the object was set at a uniform 400 mm, which corre-
sponded to the far field region of the antenna, as described
above. The cells were irradiated in a mode of continuous
generation at a frequency of 41.95 GHz, with the absorbed
energy flux density in the far field of the antenna being 150
µW/cm2. Irradiation was accomplished at room temperature
of 19-22ºC over the course of 20 minutes. Two samples
were irradiated at a time: 1) resting and primed or activated
cells; 2) cells in the presence of priming or activating
agents, and the same with the addition of a blocker. For
each sample, consisting of 3-4 containers, there was a cor-
responding control of non-irradiated cells. After comple-
tion of the irradiation, the initial level of CL was recorded,
and then activating agent was added to each container and
recording of CL continued for the necessary time. The reac-
tion of the cells in different conditions to EHF EMR was as
follows:
1) After irradiation of resting cells with EHF EMR, their
reaction to stimulating agents of various natures remained
u n ch a n ge d. The authors of another study [Rojav i n ,
Tsygankov, and Ziskin] reported that certain functional
indices of immune cells extracted from mice with normal
immunity that were irradiated with EHF EMR did not
differ from the controls. It is possible that this is a common
property of biological systems in interaction with low-
intensity radiation.
2) EHF EMR potentiates the activity of primed neu-
trophils. Priming was done 20 minutes before activation.
The cells were irradiated with EHF EMR in a mode of con-
tinuous generation at a frequency of 41.95 GHz in the far
field of the antenna with absorbed energy flux density of
150 µW/cm2 over a course of 20 minutes at room tempera-
ture. Priming the cells prepares them to make a stronger
reaction upon subsequent activation. The result of irradiat-
ing the primed neutrophils was a consistent increase in pro-
duction of AFO in comparison to non-irradiated cells.
3) Addition of a calcium ionophore to the incubated
solution led to increased levels of CL and [Ca++], which
determined the initial level of activation of the cells. It is
probable that the level of activation of Ca++-dependent
enzymes prior to irradiation determines the metabolic
changes of the neutrophils provoked by the action of EHF
EMR. Inhibition of phospholipase may modify the effect of
EHF EMR on neutrophils.
The experimental data from this research show that
the functional status determines the effect of exposure
to EMR EHF on cells, strengthening, weakening or not
changing their response to an activating agent. In all
probability, the interaction of EMR with a cell occurs
on the level of activated enzyme systems. The processes
of priming and activation of neutrophils may have common
paths. The authors think that key elements in priming and
activation of neutrophils are a system of Ca++-signaling,
acting via serine/threonine kinases, and a system of tyro-
sine kinase signaling. It is possible that the metabolic
changes provoked by EHF EMR in primed and activated
neutrophils may be determined by the level of phosphory-
lation of certain enzymes. We note that the use in these
experiments of a power of irradiation ten times lower than
the corresponding thermal norms (2-3 mW/cm2) led to sig-
nificant biological effects.
February, 2001 – Supplement
5
Page 6
6. Experiments on Animals
We will review the effects of EHF EMR on microorgan-
isms. Experiments conducted by [Rudenko, Kolbun and
Tolkach (1989, Kiev)] showed high sensitivity of bacteria
to millimeter wave radiation at extremely low power levels.
It was established that under the influence of EMR in the
millimeter band the adhesive activity of microorganisms
decreases significantly, regardless of their species.
We also note the effect of EHF EMR on microorganisms
of diffe rent species [Rozhav i n , S o l og u b, M i k i t y u k ;
Sologub; Tishchuk and Yakunov]. [Balibalova, Bozhanova,
Golant and Rebrova] proposed a relatively simple method
(synchronized cell cultures) of registering a sharply reso-
nant response of living organisms to EHF, with high
enough accuracy and reproducibility. Another advantage is
that it enables the resonance curve forms to be studied.
[Kryukov, Subbotina and Yashin] investigated the influ-
ence of EHF EMR (34.52 GHz, EFD 120 mW/cm2) on
micronucleus induction in cells. Toads (Bufo viridis) were
placed in water and irradiated for a period of 3-24 hours.
After that, peripheral blood specimens were prepared.
Considering that the animals were in water during the irra-
diation, the power used should not be considered high. A
statistically significant effect of EHF EMR on the fre-
quency of formation of micronuclei was demonstrated.
[Subbotina and Yashin] researched the direct bioinfor-
mational effect of EHF EMR on exposed organs by study-
ing the dynamics of morphological change in rat liver
tissue. Exposure was at a frequency of 73 GHz and EFD of
0.2-0.4 mW/cm2, for 15 minutes. It was shown that charac-
teristic morphological changes occurred only during irradi-
ation of the entire animal. These are reflected in:
1) progressive strengthening of the microcirculation
with compensatory outflow of blood;
2) activation of processes at the level of the cell genome
and stimulation of processes of regeneration;
3) increased resistance of hep atic cells to harm f u l
factors;
4) suppression of intra - h ep atic biliary hy p e rt e n s i o n
under conditions of ligation of the common bile duct.
Irradiation of surgically exposed livers of rats was con-
ducted with EMR of 14.3 GHz frequency and 0.3 mW/cm2
power [Subbotina, Yashin and Yashin]. The effects of direct
n egat ive influence of low-intensity SHF EMR we re
observed on the living organism. It was shown that the
destructive effect is connected with disturbance of the
trans-membrane gradient of hydrogen ions in cellular mito-
chondria. This was characteristic of frequencies of SHF
radiation which have the most destructive effects.
In the research of [Tomashevskaya and Dumanskiy], 160
rats were irradiated in groups with EFD of 140, 100 or 60
µ W / c m2
for twe l ve hours a day for four months.
Observations were made on the 30th, 60th and 120th day of
exposure. Changes were observed in protein and carbohy-
drate metabolism, which manifested as increased urea and
residual nitrogen content in the blood serum, a lower level
of glycogen in the liver, and disturbance of a number of
enzymatic systems—increased activity of ceruloplasmin
and reduced iron saturation of transferin in blood serum,
and reduced activity of cholinesterase in blood, and succi-
nate dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase in mitochon-
dria. These changes were cumulative.
In the research of [Soldatchenkov, Bitkin, Tomashev-
skaya, et al.], two-month-old rats were irradiated with EMF
of 59 GHz frequency and EFD of 1 mW/cm2 everyday
during early (1st to 6th day) or late (6th to 16th day) terms
of gestation. In the offspring of the irradiated rats, changes
were noted in motor activity, conditioned-reflex activity
and latent period of reaction.
[Khramov and Zubin] irradiated 102 mouse embryos at
single-cell to 16-cell stages with EMF of 58-78 GHz and
EFD of 1-5 mW/cm2 for 15 minutes. Beginning from the
two-cell stage, modulating effects of EHF EMR were
observed. From this moment, transcription of the embryo’s
own genome is switched on, and an external EMF can
affect its functioning.
The reproductive functions of experimental animals
were studied under the influence of millimeter wave EMR:
EFD of 60, 25 and 10 µW/cm2, irradiation for four months
[Nikitina and Andrienko]. Under EFD of 60 µW/cm2, dis-
turbance of female cycles; reduction in fertility, number
and weight of offspring; increase in postnatal deaths of the
rat pups by a factor of 2.5; and dystrophic changes in the
reproductive organs of the animals were noted. The pres-
ence of tangible biological effects was established experi-
mentally for EMR with wavelength of 2.5 mm; it is also
proposed that EMR with wavelengths of 1.7, 0.9 and 0.77
mm may be therapeutic [Volchenko, Kolbun, Lobarev].
According to [Nefedov, Protopopov, Sementsov and
Yashin], there is a basis to assert that the bioinforma-
tional significance of EMR should increase as frequency
increases, because
a) as frequency increases, the level of interference
f rom tech n ogenic and nat u ral (cosmic) sourc e s
decreases;
b) as can be inferred from analysis of processes of
h i s t o rical biocenosis, the most nat u ra l , b i o i n fo rm a-
tional frequencies established over the course of biogeo-
chemical eons in living organisms are the frequencies in
the ultraviolet, infrared and short-wave parts of the
EHF range.
Authors [Afromeev, Zagural’skiy, et al.] attempted to
create a compact, high-coherency EHF EMR generator,
working in the 90-160 GHz range in accordance with the
hypothesis discussed in the work of [Nefedov, Protopopov,
Sementsov and Yashin]. Appraisal of the EHF-therapy
6
No Place To Hide
Page 7
device through experimental research—in treating exten-
sive artificially induced gastric ulcers in dogs,both primary
and secondary—confirmed its high effectiveness. Under
clinical conditions, the device was appraised using a fre-
quency of 94 GHz for the treatment of bronchial asthma
patients, where use of devices with traditional radiation fre-
quencies was not effective enough.
Isolated cells damaged by ionizing radiation [Bundyuk,
Kuz’menko, Ryabchenko and Litvinov] were irradiated
with EMR at frequencies of 54-76 GHz and PFD of 10-14-
10-16 W/cm2 for seven minutes. The effect of mm waves on
the growth of implanted tumors (carcinomas) in mice and
rats was studied. The PFD was 3 mW/cm2, at frequencies of
35.9-55.1 GHz. They were irradiated for ten days, 3-7 min-
utes per day, via acupuncture points. The effect of mm
waves (five minutes per day for five days, 54-76 GHz) on
cellular and humoral immunity was studied in mice
exposed to ionizing radiation. These experiments showed
that mm waves at non-thermal intensities act to normalize
the growth of cells damaged by ionizing radiation, and in
their action on biologically active zones in animals they
have an immunomodulating effect. The therapeutic effect
increases as the power of the EMR is reduced to 10-14
W/cm2.
Rats of the Wistar line were irradiated for 15 minutes
with EHF EMR of 37 GHz frequency, 0.3 mW/cm2 PFD
and amplitude modulation at frequencies of 1-10 Hz, with
subsequent morphological study of the cellular composi-
tion of the red bone marrow [Kazakova , S ve t l ova ,
Subbotina and Yashin]. The controls were irradiated with
unmodulated EHF EMR. The results obtained give evi-
dence that a single exposure to low-intensity EHF EMR
without modulation, and with modulation at low fre-
quencies of 5-10 Hz, induce opposite effects in red bone
marrow (RBM). In the former case, we have pronounced
stimulation of proliferative processes in the RBM, which
are reversible. In the latter case—progressive depression of
the process of blood production, right down to the forma-
tion of hypo- and aplastic conditions in the RBM on the
sixth day of observation. This process is obviously of pro-
nounced negative nature for the vital activities of the organ-
ism, is irreversible, and has a tendency to progress. The
studied modes of action of EHF EMR exert a steady harm-
ful effect on RBM functions and are a pathogenic physical
factor.
The following tendency has been grasped: modulation
with frequencies of 0.01 to 4-5 Hz and 16-100 Hz exert a
positive effect on the functioning of the organism; these
correspond to basic biorhythm frequencies. AM frequen-
cies of 5-16 Hz exert a direct damaging effect, and they are
not resonant for the organism. It is possible that infra-low
frequencies are associated with the acoustic background of
earthquakes, tsunamis, thunderstorms, tornadoes and other
cataclysms. There are indications that FM 6-16 Hz is the
range of maximal sensitivity of marrow tissue.
On the basis of a large volume of research done in the
USSR from the 60s to 1990, [Devyatkov, Betskiy, 1981;
D ev yat kov, G e l ’v i ch , 1981; Dev yat kov, G o l a n t , 1 9 8 2 ;
Devyatkov, Golant, Rebrova, 1982; Devyatkov, Didenko,
1983; Gordon, 1969; Balakireva, 1982; Zalyubovskaya and
Kiselev, Electron…, 1975; Study of Mechanisms of Non-
t h e rmal Effe c t s … , 1983; Ismailov, 1987; M i l l i m e t e r
Waves…, 1989; Non-thermal Effects…, 1981; Use of mm
R a d i at i o n … , 1985; Use of mm Radiat i o n … , 1 9 8 6 ;
F u n d a m e n t a l … , 1989; Effects of Non-thermal Influence,
1983; Kyselev; Zaloubovskaya, 1977; Golant, 1986] the
author of a detailed review [V.D. Iskin] reached the follow-
ing conclusions about the biological effects of millimeter
waves (BEF MMW):
1) They do not depend on the intensity of EMR, starting
from the threshold to noticeable heating of tissue.
2) There exist narrow “resonance” bands of EMR fre-
quencies in which BEF are observed.
3) The relative width of these frequency bands is 0.01-
1%.
4) Resonance frequencies stable for the object are found
during a definite phase of development.
5) Irreversible BEF occur only during prolonged or
cyclical exposure.
6) During amplitude or frequency modulation of MMW,
bioeffects are maintained or strengthened as the power of
exposure is significantly reduced.
7) The body “remembers” the effect of EMR for a rela-
tively long time.
8) In some cases, EMR influences sensitivity to other
factors (chemicals, ionizing radiation, etc.), and the effects
may persist through time.
9) Local irradiation of the body at different frequencies
may exert similar BEF.
10) Positive effects of MMW occur within the limits of
possible normal functioning of the body.
The upper energetic threshold for non-thermal BEF was
put at 10 mW/cm2 (which does not cause heating of bio-
logical substances of more than 0.1 K). Iskin noted that
proposed lower thresholds of 1 mW/cm2 for animals and
10 µW/cm2 for simple organisms were compromises, and
that many researchers had found effects far below these
limits. For example, in humans, in 1987 [Kolbun and
Sit’ko] registered sensitivity to 10-3-10-8 W/cm2. The dura-
tion of exposure was from 1, 3 or 5 minutes to 1, 2 or 12
hours (effective time of irradiation). There is evidence of
the occurrence of BEF seconds after the beginning of irra-
diation. The frequency-dependency of BEF of millimeter
waves qualifies as a new phenomenon (in comparison with
centimeter and decimeter waves) and is cause for the most
careful research and keen discussion. The relative width of
February, 2001 – Supplement
7
Page 8
the band is 10-3 or more. The stability of response to a spe-
cific frequency is up to seven months [Andreev, Beliy and
Sit’ko].
Of importance for the appearance and detection of BEF
are the initial conditions of the biological medium: compo-
sition of the nutritional solution, concentration of cells in
suspension, volume and surface area of irradiation, age and
physiological condition, temperature during culture and
processing, synchronization [Devyatkov, Golant and Tager,
1983], phase of cellular cycle, etc.
7. HF EMR in Medicine
In connection with the intensive development of
radiotechnical media—television, radio-relay, radar—our
m o d e rn env i ronment is sat u rated with electro m ag n e t i c
fields of various frequency bands. The effect of EHF EMR
on the functioning of the human body was the subject of
discussion at the 1st All-USSR Symposium held 10-13
May 1989 in Kiev, with international participation. A fairly
complete bibliography of research to the mid 90s is given
in the book [Millimeter Waves in Biology and Medicine
(bibliography)], and also in the book [Millimeter Waves in
Medicine: Collection of Articles, Vol. 1 and 2, editors N.D.
Devyatkov and O.V. Betskiy]. EHF EMR should also be
viewed as one of the factors in the external environment
affecting the homeostasis of the body and promoting its
functional correction with subsequent production of a new
stable condition in the given environment. The use—in a
sanctioned version—of the technical EHF EMR range with
the goal of correcting the functions of the human body has
led in the past ten years to the creation of a new branch of
medicine: EHF therapy, or MRT—microwave resonance
t h e rapy [Sit’ko and Mkrt chyan; Gru b n i k , S i t ’ ko and
Shalimov; Bundyuk, Kuz’menko and Ponezha]. For exam-
ple, in the research of Mkrtchyan, et al., a wide range of
clinical material is presented on the treatment of gastritis,
duodenal ulcers , c e reb ral palsy in ch i l d re n , d i ab e t e s ,
angioneuropathy, chronic alcoholism and drug addiction by
the method of microwave resonance therapy, and the
immunomodulating effects of MRT are examined. They are
also examined in wo rks presented at the symposium
[Millimeter waves…, 1997].
It is essential to take into account the radiophysical para-
meters of the SHF and EHF EMR bands in evaluating the
physiological condition of a human during sanctioned and
unsanctioned exposure. To the latter belong a wide range of
effects, including effects of EMR from industrial and resi-
dential facilities, and effects on human health of radiation
from radar stations.
It is already a proven fact that the effectiveness of EHF
therapy is determined to the greatest extent by the fre-
quency of EMR, spectral characteristics (modulation), level
8
No Place To Hide
Biological Object
EMR Wave-length (mm)
Effect
Blood
6.52; 7.31
Change in outflow of free Hb.
Cell culture
5.9-7.2
Change in morphology of cells, increased rate of division.
Kidney cells
6.5; 5-8
Change in morphology, destruction of membranes; degener-
ation of protoplasm, decreased survival.
Thrombocytes
4.0; 4.6; 4.8; 5.0; 5.2; 5.45
Increased rate of aggregation.
E.coli
6.5
Increased synthesis of colicin.
5.8; 6.5; 7.1
Changes in enzymatic activity, growth rate; lethal effect.
Bacteria
7.095; 7.1; 7.12; 7.15
Stronger biochemical activity and growth rate.
5.7-7.1
Lethal effect.
Sacch. cerevisia (Yeast)
8.2; 7.18
Stimulation of growth, biochemical activity and biosynthesis.
6.8-7.2; 6.05; 6.035
Changes in growth cycles and morphology.
Blue-green algae
8.3; 6.66; 7.1; 7.89; 8.34
Stimulation of growth, changes in rate of photosynthesis.
Fruit flies
5.7-8; 7.2; 6.5; 7.5
Mutagenicity, sterilization of females, changes in fertility and
viability
Chicken embryos
6.5; 7.15
Reduced weight, changes in incubation period by 2-3 days.
Rats
6.5; 5.6
Effect on physiological processes and metabolism.
Humans
3.8-5.7; 10.7-11.0; 4.61-6.66
Accelerated regeneration of biological tissues, generalized
reactions of the body: excitement or somnolence, changes in
arterial pressure and pulse, reliable sensory reactions.
TABLE 1: A FEW BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS (according to the review by [Iskin])
Page 9
of irradiating power, method of introducing EMR to the
human body, directionality and homogeneity of the EMF in
the irradiated organ, duration of the therapeutic procedure
and entire cycle of treatment, and combination of EHF
therapy with medicinal procedures [Afromeev, Nagorniy].
Among the new trends one may note the research of [Beliy,
Khokhlov, Tsikora and Yakunov], devoted to digital noise.
Digital noise is an artificially synthesized signal which has
the properties of a monochromatic and wide-band signal.
Generators of digital noise in the millimeter range are
promising sources of EMR for resonance effects on living
systems. Traditional methods of medical monitoring of the
physiological condition of the human body are biochemical
blood analysis, electroencephalography, roentgenography,
fluoroscopy, electrophotography, ultrasound diagnostics,
computer and NMR tomography, etc. At the same time,
new, more modern methods of monitoring and research are
being intensively developed. Frequently the incentive for
seeking new methods is the effort toward more effective
evaluation of the most delicate processes of homeostasis.
The correlation between disturbances in body func-
tions and pathology of its separate component cells, in
particular, blood cells, is an established fact if one is
talking about general illness. Any disease of the body
changes the flow of metabolic processes in cells, initiat-
ing by this means the processes of functional reorgani-
zation of cells and variations in the spectra of radiation
of the cells’ own EMR [Sit’ko and Yanenko; Skripnik,
Peregudov and Yanenko].
For example, in the noise spectrum characterizing the
total EMF of the cells’ own radiation, the presence of
pathology presents itself with a change in the spectrum at
some frequencies. The connection between the intensity of
radiation from the human body and the condition of the
person’s health and nutrition was studied. In addition to the
radiation from surface zones and points on a person’s skin,
the electromagnetic activity of the bones of living organ-
isms was investigated. It was shown that bones fill the role
of generators of EHF oscillations within the organism, in
contrast to the skin, which actively absorbs low-intensity
signals in the mm range [Sit’ko, Skripnik and Yanenko].
Significant possibilities have been discovered in the use
of specific properties of biologically active points (BAPs)
in human skin [and reflexogenic zones and regions]. It
should not be doubted that these points and zones are
sources of radiofrequency radiation in the super-low
f<1 Hz and low frequency f<2 kHz ranges, as well as in
the SHF and EHF ranges. The low frequency radiation
ra n ges are dependent upon the ge n e ral phy s i o l ogi c a l
rhythms of the body, and the high-frequency ranges, the
EMF of the body’s own cells.
At the same time, these points, zones and regions in
electrophysical treatment are non-linear systems, but this
means that when electro m agnetic waves (EMW) are
applied to a BAP or a reflexogenic zone, there occurs a
process of interaction of the EMW with the EMR of the
point, zone or region itself. As follows from the laws of
radiophysics, the result of such interaction is modulation of
the incident EMW in the radiating frequency of the BAP.
Separation of this frequency from the spectrum of modu-
l ated re flected waves and its analysis (amplitude-fre-
q u e n cy) enable one to obtain info rm ation about the
condition of the body and evaluate its response to external
influences on the body, in particular, physical fields.
A number of practical methods are known for diagnos-
ing diseases of the body according to the condition of the
BAPs; the majority of them are based on measuring the
electrical conductivity of the skin in the vicinity of the
points (or meridians) [Zablotskiy and Spitkov s k i y ] .
According to various data, the bioelectric potential of the
surface of human skin reaches 180-200 mV. At inactive
points it is equal to 2-70 mV, while at BAPs it is greater
than 120 mV. It is significant that when pathology exists in
the human body, the electrical potential of the skin is
single-valued and lower than the indicated values. A high
correlation has been noted between the magnitude of the
bioelectric potential of the skin, especially at BAPs, and
certain diseases [Ivanchenko and Andreev; and Ivanchenko
and Gridina].
The effect of signals with high, uncontrolled levels of
amplitude or frequency-modulated noise and with indeter-
minate values of harmonics of the basic frequency can
either give a zero effect or have a distorting influence on the
body. In other words, either the strength or the direction of
the effect may be changed.
The conclusion here is as follows: the use of such del-
icate therapeutic procedures based on poorly under-
stood mechanisms of interaction of physical fields with
living matter, firstly, does not tolerate dilettantism, and
secondly, requires implementation of a governmental
program of development, introduction and utilization of
apparatus meeting basic safety requirements.
In particular, an effective method of objective selection
of therapeutic frequencies for each individual patient is the
introduction of feedback coupling in the frequency and
amplitude of the cardiorhythm [Mironov and Nikitin]. It is
even more effective to include among the equipment an
electron-optical plethysmograph. Nonetheless, this is the
essence of interim solutions, requiring further perfection in
objectivization of the therapeutic procedure and in diagno-
sis of the patient by preferably non-invasive methods.
The natural channels for the introduction of EHF EMR
into the body are the reflexogenic zones, therefore research
on their radiating (and receiving) properties is an important
step in the integral solution to the task of EHF therapy, cor-
rection and monitoring. In this regard, biologically active
February, 2001 – Supplement
9
Page 10
points can be seen as an analog of control points of an elec-
tronic circuit and their non-linear properties can be used for
biocorrection by EHF EMR irradiation. An important role
here is played by the informational properties of the bio-
electrical potential of the surface of the bio-object (the
skin).
One of the first described methods of treatment by EHF
EMR is in the work of [Andreev, Beliy and Sit’ko]. The test
subjects were 188 people, both healthy and ill in terms of
medical diagnosis. It was established that the healthy sub-
jects in the overwhelming majority of cases did not react to
radiation in the range of 27-78 GHz with power density up
to 10 mW/cm2. This same situation in many cases was
observed also during exposure of ill subjects. However,
irradiation of strictly defined parts of the body of ill sub-
jects with EMR at fixed frequencies in the range of 45-65
GHz induced a sensory reaction in the region of an organ
with marked disturbance. It became clear that the sensory
reactions induced by ex p o s u re coincided with actual
ch a n ges in phy s i o l ogical condition: the pulse rat e
decreased by 10-20 beats per minute, arterial pressure by
10-15 mm Hg, and the effective renal plasma clearance by
10-20%. Also noted were significant changes in the number
of free radicals in the saliva, fluctuations in the acidity of
the stomach cavity, etc. Some changes could even be
observed visually: reddening of parts of the body far from
the zone of exposure, tremors in separate groups of mus-
cles, somnolence and sleep of a hypnotic nature. It was
noticed that a positive (therapeutic) effect arose at frequen-
cies which produced comfortable feelings in the patient:
decreased pain, sensations of local warming, muscular
relaxation, etc. At the same time, the functioning of the dis-
eased organs effectively recovered.
The constancy of frequency of many resonances during
the time of chronic illnesses, the individuality of the fre-
quency values for different organs, the narrowness of the
resonant responses—all of this gives a basis for surmising
the presence in living systems on the supramolecular level
of discrete quantum states corresponding to the characteris-
tic frequencies themselves.
Igor Rodschtadt [I.V. Rodshtadt] has proposed a hypoth-
esis on the nonspecific perception of EHF EMR by all parts
of the skin. On the basis of the fact that EHF EMR can pen-
etrate into the skin to a depth of up to 1 mm, it has been
proposed that millimeter radiation has an effect on the
microcirculatory system of the skin which lies at a depth of
150 microns. Further routes of influence of EHF EMR on
the body have been considered, which lead to the secretion
of biologically active substances (endogenous medicines).
In our view, the hypothesis of a non-specific effect of EHF
EMR is poorly effective to describe the effects of low-
intensity radiation.
[Bogdanov, Mel’nikov, Pisanko and Pyasetskiy] have
proposed that the system of opioid peptides is one of the
elements mediating the effect of EHF radiation on living
objects. An important role in the humoral functioning of an
organism is played by the regulatory peptides, synthesized
and secreted into the internal environment of the body by
endocrine glands, and by groups of cells of various tissues
and organs. One important class of these bioactive sub-
stances are the opioid peptides, including endorphins and
leu-enkaphalins, which function in the body as intercellular
and inter-tissue regulators and participate in the formation
of stress-limiting analgesic systems, as well as other sys-
tems of the body.
The hypothesis was clinically confirmed that one of
the important, possibly specific effects of EHF therapy
is activation of the system of opioid peptides and fore-
most of all, enkephalins, which are connected with
adaptogenic, anti-stress effects.
The diffuse endocrine system obviously provides a
morpho-functional substrate for the inclusion of opioids,
along with the neuro-endocrine system, in the answer
regarding the effects of EHF fields. It is distinguished by
the variety of hormone-producing cells located in mucous
membranes and also in skin, where they act as a front line
of quick response to the action of external agents, and even
more so to EHF, which the body did not happen to
encounter in the process of phylogeny and ontogeny.
Under the influence of EHF EMR, macrophages and
eosinophils are concentrated at the site of the immune
response, functioning as regulatory cells. Enzymes secreted
by the eosinophils inactivate histamine and other mediators
[Radionov]. The immune system is also directly connected
with the peculiarities of hormonal exchange. Heightened
levels of estrogen increase the basal secretion of prolactin
and thymosin; which in turn stimulate the maturation and
functional activity of T and B lymphocytes, which have
receptors for prolactin, which has been found to have a
direct influence on cells of the immune system. It seems
that bioenergetic processes are connected with the pecu-
liarities of absorption of EHF radiation by certain skin, col-
lagen and blood cells, immunocompetent cells, and many
non-cellular compounds. EHF radiation causes bioresonant
modification of only certain structural units of cells, which
are able to absorb the given radiation with the given fre-
quency. By changing the value of the membrane potential
in various populations of immunocompetent cells, func-
tional restoration of specific receptors for hormones, neuro-
mediators and neuropeptides is accomplished, which can
lead to various changes in neurons and glial cells, which in
turn can produce reverse effects.
Some researchers have proposed that initial reception
may be accomplished by the epithelium of the crystalline
lens of the eye, the venous network of the outer layers of
skin, and the membranes of blood cells. The convective
10
No Place To Hide
Page 11
motion of water may turn out to be a primary mechanism
of MMW perception by biosystems.
At the symposium “Mechanisms of Biological Effects of
Electromagnetic Radiation” held in Pushchino in 1987, a
number of experimental data were presented, providing
evidence of the effect of EMR on the conformational state
of proteins and membranes [Golinskaya and Alekseev;
Beliy, Kolbun and Lobarev]. The majority of the research
was done in vitro, which allows only to a certain degree
prediction of the possible effect of EMR on living organ-
isms. Much attention was given to the problem of the effect
of EMR on hormone-receptor and mediator-receptor inter-
actions. In research on the effect of pulsed and modulated
EMR in the decimeter range on receptor structures, it was
shown that the sensitivity of the receptors had a non-linear
relationship with the frequency of modulation of the EMR
and depended on the duration and power of the radiation. It
was revealed as new in principle that EMR induces the
release of protein structures from membranes into solution.
A considerable amount of research was dedicated to study-
ing the biological activity of cortical neurons of the cere-
bral hemispheres (R.A. Chigmenkova, Ye.P. Khizhnyak and
V.V. Tyazhelov in Pushchino; S.V. Zotov in Kiev). The high
sensitivity of the hemo-immune system to EHF radiation
(Bubnov and Kidarov in Leningrad) is connected with con-
fo rm ational ch a n ges in proteins of the hemo-immu n e
system as a primary mechanism of the initial immune
response to the influence of EMR. A report from L.I.
Savchenko in Minsk showed a possible effect of decimeter
waves on levels of hormones and mediators under condi-
tions of altered hormonal background in a living organism.
The necessity of combined evaluation of the functional
condition of the immune system and concentrations of hor-
mones under the influence of EMR was pointed out. It was
shown that the human body reacts to the effects of EMR at
any intensity, therefore it is essential to look at gradations
of reactions to exposure, which is very difficult in vivo. At
the symposium it was recognized that it is necessary to
study the dynamics of the after-effects of physical factors in
order to avoid cumulative effects from EMR. The problem
of applying EMF in medicine and biology is drawing great
interest in the scientific and medical community. It is noted
that unlike medicinal effects, to which the body normally
adapts, no adaptation to the informational effects of MMW
has been observed to date. In Ukraine and Russia, sympo-
siums and conferences are held regularly on this theme
[Electromagnetic Fields in Medicine and Biology: Proc.
All-Russ. Sci. Conf.; Problems of Quantum Medicine in
U k raine and A b ro a d : P roceedings of the Second
International Scientific-Practical Conference, Donetsk, 22-
25 Oktober 1997].
The neurodynamic activity of the brain is the most
dynamic self-organized subsystem of the human body. It is
therefore important to study the relationships of this activ-
ity to outside electromagnetic influence, in order to under-
stand the structural-functional mechanisms of the transition
of a biological system into a state of maximal stability
among the set of quantum states. The human brain is con-
t i nu o u s ly ge n e rating electrical wave s , wh i ch occur in
quasi-stationary rhythms of various frequencies. Of special
note is the α-rhythm, with a frequency of 10 Hz, which is
most pronounced in a state of peaceful alertness [Voropaev,
Ostrovskiy]. The frequency- and time-dependency of the
effects on the amplitude of α-rhythms confirm the sugges-
tion of a systemic mechanism of interaction of external HF
EMF with biosystems. The process of energetic correction
of the system over time is accompanied by continuous
change in the frequency of induced “resonances” with a
time constant of a few minutes.
One of the bioeffects observed when EMR is applied to
biologically active points is change in the character of the
EEG of the brain. Experimental data show that at cer-
tain fre q u e n c i e s , EHF EMR induces activation or
depression of α-rhythms in the EEG. At the same time,
sensory feelings occur in the patient, and a therapeutic
effect occurs [Gerashchenko, Pisanko and Mus’kin]. A
more stable and objective criterion is muscle tone in a hyp-
notic state. The frequencies at which the bioelectrical activ-
ity of the muscles change in deep stages of hypnosis reveal
physiological activity. At PFD of less than 1 mW/cm2, these
are 57-78 GHz, with a reaction time of 10-20 seconds.
Thus, one of the likely mechanisms of action of local EHF
irradiation of the human body at physiologically active fre-
quencies at non-thermal intensities lies in a change in tonus
of the brain cortex. This affects the induction of nervous
processes and weakens foci of pathological excitation in
the nervous centers (for frequencies reducing residual bio-
electrical activity).
There is evidence that the influence of low-intensity
EMR at physiologically active frequencies on some parts of
the body changes the flow of natural sleep, and in particu-
lar, induces the phase of paradoxical (REM) sleep.
The dynamics of electroencephalographic indices were
studied during microwave resonance therapy (MRT) of
cerebral arteriosclerosis patients [Kuz’menko]. MRT was
done according to the established method, with EFD of up
to 1 µW/cm2. The complexity of changes in the bioelectri-
cal activity of the brain was shown, and in a number of
cases, their multi-directionality during the process of irra-
diation. [Sit’ko, Shakhbazov, Rudko] described a non-trau-
matic, sensitive, quick method of determining the reaction
of the human body to super-low-intensity EMR in the mil-
limeter range. It was shown in cells of the buccal epithe-
lium that the resonant effect of EHF EMR occurs at the
level of the cell nucleus and cell morphology.
[Podtaev and Fedorov] proposed that psychophysical
February, 2001 – Supplement
11
Page 12
reactions to EHF EMR occurring in humans are connected
with the initiation of a spatial-temporal pattern of synchro-
nous activity of the neurons of the somato-sensory system,
which has bearing on the possible effect of EHF EMR on
higher nervous activity.
8. Mechanisms of Action of EHF EMR on Biological
Objects
The current state of research on the use of EHF EMR of
non-thermal intensity in medicine and experimental biol-
ogy is characterized by an increasing volume of theoretical
research and practical utilization, with wide introduction
into clinical practice. This is very significant, considering
that to this day there is not yet a consistent general concep-
tion of a mechanism for the effects of EHF EMR on the
human organism, although a few concepts have gained cur-
rency in Russia and Ukraine. In the west, research on this
theme is carried forward mainly in an applied nature.
Historically, the first hypothesis was put forward by the
Moscow school of radiophysicists, the basis of which was
an assertion of the coherent nature of interaction of exter-
nal EHF EMR with the cells’ own EMF. Th e
P u s h ch i n s k aya school of cellular biophy s i c i s t s , N. K .
Chemeris et al., insist that stochastic resonance plays a
dominant role, in other words, it is a question of the ener-
getically dominant action in a bioenergetic informational
field. Here, though, we have already stressed the role of
modulating frequencies. The Tulskaya school of field, radi-
ation and bioinformatics biophysics stresses the role of the
frequencies of physiological rhythms of the body. However,
in view of the relatively recent beginning of mass utiliza-
tion of EHF therapy procedures, the question of genetic
factors in the consequences of EHF irradiation remains
open.
As early as 1968, [A.S. Presman] noted that in any living
organism there exists a reliable protection against external
natural and artificial electromagnetic noise disturbances
(signals not coherent with any of the signals used by the
system), and against other incommensurate external influ-
ences. Apparently, it is the action of this multi-stage (pas-
sive or active) protection in the organism that is connected
with the experimentally detected biphasic dependency of
the bioeffects of electromagnetic fields on their intensity,
i.e., the initiation of opposite physiological changes under
the influence of EMF of low and high intensities. By way
of illustration in experiments on dogs, the following results
were obtained: 100-200 mW/cm2 – suppression of condi-
tioned reflexes; 5-10 mW/cm2 – stimulation; 0.2-2 mW/cm2
– suppression.
On the basis of experimental data in the work of [I.V.
Rodshtadt], an attempt was made to calculate the reflex arc
under the influence of EHF EMR. According to all the cal-
culated data, EHF radiation of low intensity significantly
modulates the frequency of spontaneous discharges of
Ruffini’s corpuscles. But Ruffini’s corpuscles are mainly
concentrated in the region of the large joints and on the
hairy part of the head. The region of the shoulder joints was
selected as the zone for therapeutic irradiation. Firstly, the
skin in the region of large joints (in this case, the shoulders)
is strongly hydrated because of folds of collagen, great con-
tent of proteoglycans, significant movement of biologically
active substances, including histamine and proteinase and
their inhibitors, and excess concentrations of fat cells.
E x c e s s ive ly hy d rated tissues, as is know n , ab s o r b
extremely high frequency electromagnetic waves espe-
cially strongly. Secondly, the regions of the large joints
coincide in a number of cases with the zones of Zakharyin-
Ged and the segmentary acupuncture points, which ensure
adequate targeting of the therapeutic effects to the corre-
sponding ailing organ.
With regard to the reflex arc of the therapeutic action of
EHF EMR, a few key components can be described. The
information from EHF oscillations of low intensity is trans-
mitted from Ruffini’s corpuscles by the so-called LIF (low-
intensity fluorescing) neurons. They enter into the structure
of the vegetative ganglia, secreting into their vascular chan-
nels and synaptic fissures adrenaline and noradrenaline in
the course of their rhythmic activity. This rhythmic activity
has a latent period of 30 seconds and is revealed in the
modulating effect of a fluorophor (dopamine) on the slow
excitatory, acetylcholine-dependent post-synaptic poten-
tial. A further reference point for calculating the reflex arc
is provided by data from N.P. Zalyubovskaya on increased
levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the blood, and
also adrenaline in the hypothalamus, in experimental ani-
mals under the influence of EHF EMR of low intensity.
That is, the humoral part of the reflex arc begins with the
LIF-neurons. Noradrenaline, reaching the vessels of the
brain via blood flow, crosses the blood-brain barrier in the
region of the pituitary gland, inducing a mild spasm of the
brain arterioles. The sensory reception of EHF EMR waves
of low intensity is completed with optimization of the activ-
ity of the brain owing to adequate correlation of its micro-
c i rc u l ation and metabolism. Unlike nora d re n a l i n e,
a d renaline does not cross the bl o o d - b rain barri e r.
Therefore, the origin of the increased level of adrenaline in
the hypothalamus during EHF exposure is not fully clear.
Apparently, having overcome the blood-brain barrier in the
region of the pituitary, noradrenaline gives a signal for the
secretion of adrenaline by the chromaffinocytes and glial
cells of the hypothalamus. This has been confirmed in
experiments. In turn, adrenaline, as is well known, is a lim-
iting factor in the secretion of corticotropin-releasing hor-
mone by neurons of the hypothalamus, which determines
the production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by
the adeno-pituitary cells. According to the data of various
12
No Place To Hide
Page 13
authors, the time from the moment adrenaline and nora-
drenaline appear in the blood to when ACTH also appears
in the blood is 10-30 seconds. Thus, in calculating the
reflex arc of the therapeutic effects, good correspondence is
obtained between the sum of the latent periods of its ner-
vous and humoral parts (40-60 seconds), and the time for
indication of sensory feeling during EHF exposure at low
intensity of the skin of basically healthy volunteers (40-50
seconds). The experimental data of N.P. Zalyubovskaya say
that an increase in the level of ACTH under the influence of
EHF exposure of low intensities actually occurs. In partic-
ular, she noted an increase in the amount of 17-OCS in the
blood against a background of decreased ascorbic acid in
the adrenal cortex.
Crossing over to the questions of biochemical reception
of EHF exposure at low intensities, we must keep in mind
that the effects occur at the transduction stage, when the
natural humoral signals penetrating into the cells are mod-
ulated. This type of physiological effect is realized through
the phospholipids of the cells’ plasma membranes, and in
our case, apparently, is achieved through some acceleration
of their peroxide oxidation. The described effects of EHF
exposure at low intensities occur through a change in the
rate of diffusion of the substrates and products of peroxide
oxidation of lipids. This situation is fully possible at the
level of capillary vessels, i.e., in the microcirculatory
system, where, for example, in the case of functional hyper-
emia, and consequently against a background of stronger
processes of filtration-absorption, there occurs facilitation
of diffusion in the interstitial canaliculi. The temperature
threshold for dilation of skin vessels is quite low, only
0.06ºC, i.e. is on the border of millimeter wave heating of
tissue. Apparently, this happens to the venous walls, leuko-
cytes and fibroblasts, inasmuch as they belong to type-B
tissue according to Labori, which is equipped with meta-
bolic blocks of the pentose-phosphate cycle and is therefore
sensitive, according to the data of N.P. Zalyubovskaya, to
EHF EMR waves of low intensity. We must bear in mind
that millimeter waves penetrate irradiated skin to a depth of
1 mm, but the microcirculatory system of the skin begins to
function at a depth of 150 microns, i.e., is fully accessible
to direct EHF exposure. Reception of EHF EMR of low
intensity by the intradermal venous network, apparently, is
accompanied by intensification of the pentose-phosphate
cycle, which according to all physiological canons, should
lead to a change in the concentration of potassium ions. In
turn, the potassium, or more accurately, its physiologically
high concentration, in the presence of calcium ions, is an
adequate stimulus for nerve fibers secreting neuropeptides.
Biochemical reception of EHF EMR of low intensity is
thus accompanied by the release of physiologically active
substances, which often play the role of endogenous medi-
cines. Moreover, the therapeutic effect does not depend on
localization of the EHF exposure, because the microcircu-
latory channels are distributed throughout the surface of the
skin sufficiently evenly.
We introduce detailed data from I.V. Rodshtadt on dif-
ferences in therapeutic effects from EHF therapy during
irradiation of the right and left halves of the body, which
have a direct bearing on the theme of our review. Irradiation
of the left half of the body by millimeter waves of low
intensity is targeted primarily to the right hemisphere in
healthy volunteers and stroke patients, and in experimental
animals is accompanied by increases in the population of
long-lived lymphocytes in the lymph nodes on the irradi-
ated side. An increase in the total phosphatase activity in
the mitochondria of these recirculating small lymphocytes
(irrespective of EHF exposure) is a hopeful prognostic fea-
ture for stroke patients in terminal conditions. Apparently,
an increase in antigen-specific T-cell activity occurs in par-
allel, especially in cases of damage to the right hemisphere.
The effect observed during irradiation by millimeter waves
of low intensity of the right half of the body in experimen-
tal animals consists of an increase in the population of
short-lived lymphocytes and lymphocytes normally found
in the lymphoid organs and, taking into account clinical
observations as well as research on healthy volunteers, is
explained by more equal targeting of the effects to both
hemispheres of the brain. As a result it can be supposed that
EHF modulation of the activity of the brain during irradia-
tion of the left half of the body is accomplished via both
nervous and humoral mechanisms. In the first case, the
effect is addressed primarily to the right hemisphere, and in
the second, i.e., through humoral mechanisms, the effect is
addressed to the hypothalamus. EHF modulation of the
activity of the brain during irradiation of the right half of
the body is accomplished mainly through nervous mecha-
nisms, and the effect is more equally addressed to both
hemispheres.
In modern times, one may consider the concept of pro-
teins as dynamic systems to be fully confi rm e d
[Demchenko, 1986; and Demchenko, 1988]. Efforts by
researchers should be directed toward analysis of specific
types of movement and location in connection with func-
tion. The frequencies of oscillation of groups of atoms in
the active center of an enzyme are located in the range of
10-100 GHz. The approximate resonant frequencies in Hz
have been determined experimentally for a few structures
in living cells: somatic cell – 2.39 x 1012; somatic cell
nucleus – 9.55 x 1012; mitochondria from liver cells – 3.18
x 1013; human cell genome – 2.5 x 1013; interphase chro-
mosome – 7.5 x 1011; metaphase chromosome – 1.5 x 1013;
DNA – (2-9) x 109; nucleosome – 4.5 x 1015; ribosome –
2.65 x 1015; cellular membrane – 5 x 1010; cytoskeleton –
108; erythrocyte – (3.5-4.0) x 1010 [Illarionov].
Application of information theory to biology [Presman]
February, 2001 – Supplement
13
Page 14
showed that along with energetic interactions in biological
processes, a significant (if not main) role is played by infor-
mational interactions. These are characterized by the trans-
formation of information and its transmission, codification
and storage. Biological effects associated with these inter-
actions depend not on the strength of the energy carried
into one or another system, but on the information carried
into it. A signal carrying information only induces redistri-
bution of energy in the system itself and directs the
processes happening in the system. If the sensitivity of the
perceiving systems is sufficiently high, the transmission of
information may occur with the help of very little energy.
Information may accumulate in the system with the help of
small signals [Nefe d ov, P ro t o p o p ov, K h a d a rt s ev and
Yashin]. In living organisms, systems for perceiving infor-
mation transmitted with the help of EMF are reliably
shielded from natural electromagnetic interference, but
when there are pathological conditions in the organism,
spontaneous changes in EMF (from solar eruptions or
lightning) disturb the regulation of physiological processes.
Whole organisms have maximal sensitivity to EMF, iso-
l ated organs and cells lesser sensitiv i t y, solutions of
macromolecules even lesser. Significant differences are
observed in reactions to EMF in one and the same biologi-
cal system (molecular, cellular, organ or systemic) depend-
ing on whether it is located in an intact organism or in an
isolated condition. Differences are noted in these two cases
even in the nature of the dependency of the reaction of the
system on EMF parameters.
All this indicates that systems especially sensitive to
EMF were apparently formed in the process of evolution
only at the macroscopic level. In other words, the percep-
tion of weak natural EMF occurs only on the level of suffi-
ciently complex biological systems, and is fully developed
only in intact organisms.
As mentioned above, one of the first hypotheses was that
put forward by the biophysical school of academician N.D.
Devyatkov (Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics,
Russian Academy of Sciences) on the coherent nature of
activation of the cells of an organism [Devyatkov, Golant
and Betskiy]. According to this hypothesis, the microstruc-
ture of the cell membrane (the aggregate of mitochondrial
membranes) ensures the formation of the dipolar compo-
nent of the cell. This oscillating electrical dipole, combined
with acoustical vibration of the membrane, is the cellular
generator of the cell’s own EHF EMF. In a healthy cell, the
nature of the vibrations is stochastic (especially consider-
ing the interaction of the EMF of the ensemble of cells),
and the spectral nature of the field is near to noise at some
intermediate intensity. During pathological changes in the
cell, the reaction of the cell is expressed in growth in inten-
sity of generation in relatively narrow bands of the spec-
trum. It can be proposed that, when considering one or
another form of disturbance of metabolic processes in the
cell, an increase in the intensity of generation is connected
with the redistribution of free energy and its influx into the
part producing the spectrum characteristic of the distur-
bance (the simplest, most understandable analog at the
macro-organism level is an increase in body temperature
during inflammatory illness).
According to the hypothesis of coherent resonance,
s t ri c t ly speaking, the process is bioinfo rm at i o n a l
[Afromeev, Subbotina and Yashin], insofar as the intensity
of external EMF plays no particular role in the occurrence
of a chain reaction in the cell; what is important is its infor-
mation content (frequency, modulation, polarization, etc.).
A weak point of this concept is the absence of the proven
selection of discrete frequencies of external EMF used
widely in therapeutic practice: 3-4 therapeutic monochro-
matic frequencies in the range from 2 to 8 mm. A possible
variant (particularly subjective) selection of these frequen-
cies is considered by [Khadartsev and Yashin].
Regarding this question, one may note the research
being conducted under the leadership of N.K. Chemeris at
the Institute of Cellular Biophysics, Russian Academy of
Sciences, in the city of Pushchino-na-Oke. The results of
theoretical and experimental research by [Gapeev and
Chemeris] led to the concept of stochastic resonance with a
special role played by double resonance at EHF frequencies
carrying a low-frequency modulated signal; the latter, by
all appearances, is located in a region of frequencies of the
basic physiological rhythms of the body. Redistribution of
the free energy of cellular metabolism takes place not in the
form of frequency resonance, but resonance which is ener-
getic in a quite wide frequency spectrum. Therefore, one of
the preliminary conclusions is not about the bioinforma-
tional, but the bioenergetic nature of activation of cellular
generation by external EMF. At the same time, it follows
simply from experiment that the energetics of external elec-
tromagnetic exposure plays no role; even relatively low
(threshold) levels suffice. In principle, this is in complete
agreement with the biological mechanism of the chain reac-
tion of free energy formation in cellular metabolism, but in
order to reject the informational component, it would be
necessary to undertake a large series of experiments at all
EMF ranges which play a vitally important role in cell
functioning. The most attractive aspect of this concept is
the expressly experimental approach.
It is obvious that it is meaningless to argue over the pri-
m a cy (or dominance) of biochemical or biophy s i c a l
processes in the creation of a cell’s own EMF. It is clear that
the free energy, needed by the cell for processes including
generation of EHF EMF, is produced through biological
oxidation in the mitochondria. The most important role
here is played by adenosine triphosphate (ATP). And this
energy is transmitted further in the cell by chemical means.
14
No Place To Hide
Page 15
The natural biological field of a living organism is EMF
in the ranges from infrared to ultraviolet, and possibly, even
shorter waves. A second, also natural field for an organism
is the field which depends upon physiological rhythms.
These are low-frequency oscillations from fractions of a
hertz to hundreds (or thousands) of hertz, physically real-
ized as acoustical-electrical oscillations. Here arises, from
the point of view of radiophysics, a very significant ques-
tion: within the boundaries of the organism, all fields
should be simultaneously tied together as (we repeat) bio-
cybernetic and biophysical systems; in this case, the corre-
lational bond occurs only as a modulation (in the model,
amplitudinal, but in reality, carried in a very complex, com-
bined manner). Therefore, and only for this reason (rather
than because of the response to external, natural EMF)
there exist oscillations within an organism, part of whose
spectrum most likely coincides with both the long wave and
EHF ranges. Their function in the natural biophysical
process is correlational-connecting; median-modulating. In
other wo rd s , the EHF ra n ge is a medium fre q u e n cy
between low and high ranges, allowing the correlation of
fields within an organism and the transfer of information by
modulation [Afromeev, Subbotina and Yashin].
[Khar’kyanen] came to the conclusion in his research
that a cooperative system of a large number (105-1010) of
molecular centers transmitting energy to some collective,
distributed degree of freedom should serve in the capacity
of an effective primary target of weak-intensity EHF EMR.
It was shown that such a collective degree mode is achiev-
able for a system with a large number of cooperatively
functioning channel-receptors on a membrane or a large
number of molecular reagents, the state of which is fixed
near a critical point.
The search for effective molecular mechanisms of EHF
bioeffects has led to the necessity of clear accounting of the
dynamics of active biomolecular structures participating in
a complex system of chemical chain reactions, as a rule, of
a catalytic nature. In most cases the question may be about
the processes of synthesis and breakdown of the same
biopolymers, about conformational transitions and about
the dynamics of hydrated membranes [Serikov].
On the basis of the magnetic-resonance mechanism of
action of EMR of low (non-thermal) intensities on biologi-
cal objects, [Dmitrievskiy] found a highly effective action
of circular-polarized radiation on the permeability of bio-
logical membranes, experimentally determined over the
range of visible light as well as across the entire range of
EHF frequencies. There is also polarization of radiation in
the Zeeman effect (and in NMR and EPR, and in chemical
polarization of ions and free radicals in the constant mag-
netic field of the Earth or separate parts of the organism).
Excitation of the corresponding levels may be caused by
EMR from external sources or arising due to internal bio-
chemical processes.
[Subbotina and Yashin] proposed in their research the
task of determining the basic mechanisms of action of EHF
EMR on separate human systems and organs. According to
modern concepts, the effect of irradiating the human body
with EHF EMR lies in activation of the biologically active
points (BAPs), the signals from which are transmitted
along the main acupuncture channels (meridians) to the
responding organs or systems and act further at the cellular
level. The biophysical mechanism of action should occur
on the level of normal functioning of the whole body. At the
same time, low-level action of EHF EMR on isolated bio-
logical tissue should not create a characteristic effect which
can be detected in prep a rations taken from biopsies.
Research conducted on EHF EMR irradiation of biopsied
and intact livers of experimental animals showed that mor-
phological changes are characteristic only of irradiation of
the intact animal. This confirms the bioinformational nature
of low-level, non-thermal exposure, derived from the con-
cept of the body as a complex self-organizing system. From
the informational effect of MMW we may anticipate mobi-
lization of the reserve potentials of an organism in anom-
alous conditions.
Thus, to this day there is no precise concept of the phys-
ical-chemical mechanisms of action of EHF radiation on
biological systems, and there is likewise no precise clarity
on the nature of sensation of extremely high frequencies in
living subjects. Regarding this there exist only a number of
hypotheses: the hypothesis of coherent excitement and
interaction [Devyatkov, Golant and Betskiy], the informa-
tional hypothesis [Nefedov, Protopopov, Sementsov and
Yashin], the hypothesis on the soliton mechanism of energy
transmission [Davydov] and a few others connected with
effective absorption of energy from EHF radiation by water
molecules [Gapeev, Safronova, Chemeris and Fesenko].
We will consider the hypothesis of the Kiev school (Prof.
S.P. Sit’ko in Ukraine), which has been developed in con-
s i d e rable detail and confi rmed ex p e ri m e n t a l ly. Liv i n g
things are considered as a fourth quantum level (after
nuclear, atomic and molecular levels) of structural organi-
zation in nature. In this way, the physics of the alive, as
opposed to biophysics, is arrived at from a definition of life
in terms of fundamental natural science: any independent
living thing is a quantum-mechanical whole, the self-coor-
dinated, non-local potential of which is formed through a
type of laser-coherence in the mm wavelength range [Sit’ko
and Mkrtchyan]. A number of facts support the possibility
of the existence of such a coherent field in an organism in
the mm range:
• intensity of the electrical field in the protoplasmic
membranes of each cell of a living organism (10-5 V/m);
• frequency of vibration of its own membranes, 1010-1011
Hz;
February, 2001 – Supplement
15
Page 16
• the density of EHF EMR inside the body is maintained
beyond a threshold of non-equilibrium phase transition
because of the mechanism of full internal reflection by the
skin;
• the genomes of all somatic cells of any organism are
identical, and this means that these cells may be regarded
as active centers of the system in a regime of multi-modal
coherence.
In his articles, S.P. Sit’ko has reported the direct detec-
tion of a non-equilibrium component of EMR from the
human body in the mm range. This, he says, is a decisive
experiment which converts the working hypothesis into the
s c i e n t i fic trend “ P hysics of the A l ive ” [ S i t ’ ko and
Yanenko].
The results of clinical and experimental research on the
effect of super-low levels of EMR in the mm range on bio-
logical objects of various levels of complexity are the basis
for ideas about the means of expression of genetic infor-
mation at the macroscopic level of the whole organism. An
important test of the new concepts is the possibility of
restoring the functional state of the body with only a few
quanta of EMR (10-20 W/Hz cm2). Quantum medicine has
now demonstrated this with a few thousand patients [Sit’ko
and Mkrtchyan].
9. Standards and Normalization of HF EMR
In the USSR, wide research into electromagnetic fields
was begun in the 1960s. Much clinical material accumu-
lated on undesirable effects of magnetic and electromag-
netic fields, and it was proposed to introduce a new
nosological illness, “radiowave sickness” or “chronic in-
jury from microwaves.” Thenceforth work by scholars in
Russia established that, firstly, the human nervous system,
especially higher nervous activity, is sensitive to EMF, and,
secondly, that EMF possesses a so-called informational
action in its effects on humans at intensities below the
threshold values of thermal effects. The results of this work
were used in the development of normative documents in
Russia. As a result, the norms established in Russia were
very strict and differed from those in America and Europe
by a few orders of magnitude (for example, in Russia, the
maximum permissible level for workers is 0.01 mW/cm2; in
the USA, 10 mW/cm2). It is mentioned that subsequently a
Soviet-American group was formed with scholars from the
USSR and America, which acted from 1975 to 1985. This
group organized joint biological research, which confirmed
the correctness of the concepts of the Soviet scholars.
All norms and standards rep resent a compro m i s e
between the advantages afforded by using new technolo-
gies and possible risks connected with their use. Therefore,
the maximum permissible levels of exposure to any factor
depend on the degree of knowledge about health damage,
on criteria of risk adopted in this regard, and on established
capacity for endurance. Taking this into account, permissi-
ble (operational) levels, cumulative (daily) exposure limits
and maximum endurable levels (for emergency procedures)
were established [Dumanskiy and Prokhvatilo, All-Union
Standards]. Permissible operational levels for an 8-hour
workday were:
USSR
USA (1996)
30-300 kHz
400 µW/cm2
none
0.3-3 MHz
27 µW/cm2
100 mW/cm2
3-30 MHz
4 µW/cm2
1-100 mW/cm2
30-300 MHz
1 µW/cm2
1 mW/cm2
0.3-300 GHz
5 µW/cm2
1-5 mW/cm2
According to OST 11.12.004-84 “Radiofrequency elec-
t ro m agnetic fields of 300 MHz-300 GHz”, m a x i mu m
endurable levels are 1000 µW/cm2 = 1 mW/cm2, and the
allowable energy load during a working day is 200 µW-
hour/cm2. Maximum permissible exposure is calculated as
(allowable energy load)/(time of exposure (hours)).
In [Pyasetskiy and Pisanko, 1991], on the basis of much
clinical and experimental material, the following were
noted:
1) EHF EMR of low intensity (less than 10 mW/cm2) is
capable of changing the functional condition of living
organisms of different levels of organization. The acting
and initiating factor is the power and duration of exposure.
2) Physiological reactions resulting from exposure to
EHF EMR at non-thermal levels of power lie within the
limits of normal values and may be registered by length of
time of reordering the functions of the pathological system
or organ subjected to EHF exposure.
3) During prolonged exposure of a living organism, low-
intensity EHF EMR may change from a normalizing, stim-
u l ating factor into a factor able to induce bioeffe c t s
uncharacteristic of the functioning of the stricken organ or
system as a whole. Negative effects and their strength
depend on the time of exposure to EHF radiation and the
level of development and differentiation of the living
organism.
4) When creating devices which generate low-intensity
EHF EMR, it is essential to foresee the technical develop-
ment of the instruments and devices for medical-biological
research and therapeutic use.
Medical-biological instruments should be retuned, in
terms of frequency, power and time of exposure, to the
guiding informational signals from the biosystem which is
undergoing EHF exposure. Therapeutic instruments should
possess stable power of EMR, not induce negative bioef-
fects, and limit the time of exposure to 15-30 minutes. In
this connection, the Ukrainian government published a
“Resolution of Necessity of Testing and Certifying EHF
Instruments Used in Medical-Biological Practice.” A labo-
ratory was established in the Ministry of Public Health of
Ukraine for monitoring and certifying EHF instruments.
16
No Place To Hide
Page 17
As was noted in A Brief Ecological Ency cl o p e d i a
[Person in Electromagnetic Fields], issued by the Center
for Electromagnetic Safety, Institute of Biophysics, the sys-
tems most sensitive to EMF are the central nervous, car-
diovascular, hormonal and reproductive systems. Groups
requiring closer attention are children, pregnant women,
people with illnesses of the central nervous, hormonal or
cardiovascular systems or with weakened immunity or
allergies. They should carefully observe rules of electro-
magnetic safety in their lifestyles and protect themselves
from the influence of EMF.
It is considered that under Russian Sanitary Norms such
values of EMF have been adopted as maximum permissible
levels for irradiation of the population that in everyday irra-
diation under conditions characteristic of the given source
do not induce illness or divergence from health detectable
by modern research methods during the period of irradia-
tion or for periods of time after its cessation in the popula-
tion, regardless of sex or age.
10. Effects of High-Frequency Communications Media
on Human Health
During the last 50 years, the round-the-clock power of
radio emissions has increased by a factor of more than
50,000. In epidemiological studies of the population of
Ukraine, a connection was established between leukemia in
children and cancer in adults, and exposure to EMF at
industrial frequencies. Specific injuries under radiowave
exposure are development of cataracts, instability in leuko-
cyte make-up of peripheral blood, and vegeto-vascular dis-
order [Grigoriev, Grigoriev, Stepanov and Pal’tsev]. Radar
stations, which are the most powerful and dangerous
sources of radiofrequency influence on the environment,
are widely used in aviation for controlling air traffic, in
radioastronomy, in anti-aircraft defenses, and in space
re s e a rch [O c c u p ational Hygiene at Radio Locat i o n
Stations and Other Facilities Using Electronic Apparatus,
Chernetsov, Lyutov and Volodin]. One model for calculat-
ing doses absorbed by bioobjects in the EHF range is pro-
vided by [Sveshnikova, Chovnyuk].
According to the results of [Miroshnikova], the millime-
ter and centimeter ranges of radiation have the biggest
effect on initiation and development of blood disorders, and
the mm range, on diseases of the circulatory system. The
risk of developing diseases of the central nervous system
increases under exposure to decimeter waves. Data on
development of psychic disturbances [Orlova et al.] under
EMR exposure show effects ranging from asthenia and
changes in mood to nonsensical ideas and aural and visual
hallucinations, and disturbances in behavior all the way to
attempts at suicide. A connection was noted between EMF
exposure and the development of malignant tumors: the
likelihood of cancer was three times greater under SHF
exposure [Yu.G. Grigoriev]. It can be proposed that the
current increase in electromagnetic pollution of the
environment exceeds human adaptational capacities.
The organs and tissues most susceptible to thermal
effects have poor blood supply (making it harder to dissi-
pate heat)—for example, the crystalline lens of the eye—or
have high water content (the blood, liver, reproductive
glands, stomach, urinary bladder, etc.). Therefore, when
SHF energy is absorbed, it produces so-called “hot spots”
of local heating, including in vital organs. During this
process, a person might not feel any heating of internal
organs inasmuch as heat receptors are located in the skin.
For example, most dangerous from the point of view of for-
mation of “hot spots” in the head are frequencies of 700-
2500 MHz in the decimeter range, and it is precisely here
that the frequencies of 900 MHz, 1800 MHz and 2.45 GHz
of cellular communications fall. Absorption of EMF in bio-
logically active points is many times more effective than in
other parts of the skin, and this energy, through the system
of Chinese medicine, affects internal organs and the body
as a whole. The danger of mobile telephones consists of the
fact that in addition to direct effects on the brain, the whole
body is irradiated via the biologically active points of the
concha of the ear.
Today it is important that any potential user can receive
needed information at any desired moment in time in the
necessary form at his preferred point in physical space.
Such an approach to guaranteeing access to information
resources in recent times has led to an outburst of activity
in the field of creation of all kinds of communications sys-
tems and, foremost, space communications systems, which
have the needed characteristics in operativity and globality
of information provision [Grinyaev and Rodionov]. These
communications systems will work in SHF and EHF bands
of electromagnetic radiation and, according to estimates,
will be able to create on the Earth’s surface a power density
of radiation of 10-6 to 10-7 W/cm2 and in special modulated
modes, 10-2 to 10-3 W/cm2 [Aleshenkov, 1997; Aleshenkov,
1998].
Studies have repeatedly proven that the basic carrier of
information both within a biological object and between
separate biological objects, including people, is electro-
magnetic radiation. In this process, circulation of an enor-
mous flow of information in the course of a person’s life
activities is possible only through the use of low-power sig-
nals. The expenditure of energy in the formation of these
signals is determined by the energetic capabilities of the
person. According to estimates by experts, the sum power
of the informational signals does not exceed 1 to 10 mW, or
10-3 to 10-4 of the thermal power radiated by the organism
[Afromeev], and the power of EHF radiation of a cell is
P=10-23 W/Hz [Nefedov, Protopopov].
In recent times, we have observed a growing interest by
researchers in the paradoxical effects of exposure of living
organisms to small doses of various biologically active sub-
February, 2001 – Supplement
17
Page 18
stances. What is “paradoxical” is that these effects are gen-
erally observed at concentrations of four to ten orders of
magnitude lower than normally used and thus not expected
to produce any response, and that unusual patterns of
response are typical of the effects of super-low doses (poly-
modal dose dependency, etc.). The level of biological orga-
n i z ation at wh i ch the effects of super- l ow doses are
detected is highly varied—from cellular, macromolecular,
organic and tissue to animals, plants and entire populations.
General experimental results obtained from various ani-
mals and humans gives evidence that exposure to radiation
or chemical substances may induce identical reactions to
those experienced at doses differing by five to ten orders of
magnitude [B.N. Rodionov and R.B. Rodionov]. The clear-
est example of such an effect is the use of homeopathic
p rep a rations or cancer medicines at super- l ow doses
[Potebnya, Lisovenko, Shalimov; Sit’ko, Skripnik]. Similar
results are also seen under the influence of super-high fre-
quency radiation (SHF radiation). Thus on the curve of the
relationship of the value of the physiological effect to the
p ower density of irra d i at i o n , t wo maxima are seen
[Grinyaev and Rodionov]. These maxima are also sepa-
rated by a “dead zone,” the presence of which is explained
as the result of the inclusion of active barrier mechanisms
and compensating systems in the working of the organism.
When these powe rs cease wo rk i n g, total agi t ation is
observed, culminating in death of the organism.
In the natural course of evolution, the receptor system
was formed in such a way that it reacts only to the most sig-
nificant signals of low intensity. This, for example, was suc-
cessfully demonstrated in rats in experiments on devel-
opment of the conditioned “avoidance” reflex depending on
parameters of weak electromagnetic signals. The reaction
developed best of all to signals with a frequency of 300 Hz
at a power density of 10-11 W/cm2. Increasing or decreasing
the power density by one or two orders without changing
other parameters of the signal made it impossible to
develop a conditioned reflex. Changing the frequency to
500 or 50 Hz had the same effect.
One of the main peculiarities of the creation of reso-
nance effects is the scant power and short time of irradia-
tion. Th u s , the info rm at i o n a l - wave therapy ap p a rat u s
“Porog-1” and “Minitag” work at a super-low power flux
density of roughly 10-17 W/cm2 [Illarionov] over the course
of a few seconds or minutes.
Observed higher resonance frequencies of a living
cell coincide with frequencies of radiation of communi-
cations satellites. The power densities and duration of
irradiation created by these satellites will significantly
exceed (by ten or more orders of magnitude—such irra-
diation is possible over the course of a whole lifetime)
the energetic doses inducing changes in living cells.
In this connection we consider possible consequences
from the effects of electromagnetic radiation from commu-
nications satellites on biological objects. Phased array
antennas are capable of scanning the earth with a dispersion
angle of 0.3 degrees. The installation of such antennas in a
global system of low-orbit satellites, transmitting with a
power of 800 W, working at frequencies of 20 and 30 GHz,
at an orbital height of 1400 Km, may provide the Earth’s
surface with power densities of 10-8 to 10-9 W/cm2 or pulsed
10-2 to 10-3 W/cm2 in the microsecond range. Negative con-
sequences of this may be changes in cell structures and
physiological processes, genetic changes, and alteration of
psychophysiological conditions and behavior (development
of conditioned reflexes). As a result of superpositioning
fields from several sources of radiation, standing waves
may arise, the frequency of which may coincide with reso-
nance frequencies of living cells or rhythms of various
organs and functional systems of an organism. Therefore
there will be a likelihood of changes (including negative
changes) in the genetic apparatus of living cells during pro-
longed exposure to low-energy electromagnetic radiation
from communications satellites. As a result of such effects
on genetic mechanisms of transcription, translation and
repair, and also on the mechanism of gene expression, there
may result the production of significantly different biolog-
ical species with unpredictable characteristics. Mutations
which carry a selective advantage have a tendency to
increase, i.e., give rise to instability. In this way, natural
selection is actually based on instabilities, brought about by
the appearance of favorable mutants which lead to the col-
lapse of earlier stable structures, and evolution itself con-
sists of an endless replacement of some stable conditions
by others through instability.
This representation of evolution fits well with modern
ideas about synergetics. Modern synergism is the recog-
nition of the role of small fluctuations in energy which
can change the structure of complex systems at a point
of bifurcation. It is believed that these low-energy sig-
nals influence the choice of routes of further develop-
ment at the moment of bifurcation, when there are a
number of equal-valued choices.
Inasmuch as mutations for the most part are deleterious,
no one biological species can allow itself to accumulate
them rapidly in its own reproductive cells. Preservation of
the species requires that the reproductive cells of organisms
be protected from rapid genetic changes, but preservation
of each specific individual requires just that kind of protec-
tion for all the other cells of the organism as well.
Nucleotide substitution in somatic cells can enable the nat-
ural selection of those cells which are better suited to the
existing conditions. This can lead to their uncontrolled pro-
liferation, for example, to development of cancer, which in
the Western hemisphere causes more than 20% of prema-
ture deaths. Convincing research shows that death in this
18
No Place To Hide
Page 19
case is mainly due to accumulation of changes in DNA
sequences in somatic cells. A ten-fold increase in the fre-
quency of mutations would likely lead to a catastrophic
increase in the number of cases of cancer.
In an article by [Rodionov, 1999], a number of evidences
of the bioeffects of EMR are presented. For example, expo-
sure to SHF and EHF EMR at a PFD of 5 µW/cm2 signifi-
cantly influences the properties of physiological systems
and changes the flow of physiological processes, because
the frequency of oscillation of DNA is 2 x 109 to 9 x 109 Hz;
of chromosomes, 7.5 x 1011 to 1.5 x 1013 Hz; and of the
human cell genome, 2.5 x 1013 Hz; which speaks of the
relationship between the acting physiological factor and the
receiving biological structure, with the power of the cell’s
own EMR being 10-23 W/Hz. Biosystems of a high level
of organization, in particular, humans, can react to sub-
threshold-intensity signals or have the ability to react addi-
tively, because the higher the level of organization, the
greater the sensitivity. The sensitivity of a human to the
effects of SHF and EHF radiation is estimated at a level of
10-16 W/cm2. It has been experimentally established that
when PFD is more than 10-4 W/cm2, it induces auditory sen-
sations in humans, and at 10-11 W/cm2 it induces condi-
tioned reflexes in rats. Prolonged non-intensive or short
intensive (at powers greater than 10-4 W/cm2) exposure
induces a reaction of alarm over the course of a few days,
and later, compensation and adaptation. Under prolonged
intensive exposure, there occur a stage of alarm, a stage of
exhaustion and the emergence of pathology in the organ-
ism. Under prolonged intensive exposure, genetic changes
are possible and also impaired immunity.
Therapeutic devices working in EHF (millimeter), cen-
timeter and decimeter ranges of EMR wavelengths have
some specific actions on those ill with one or another
pathology.
The results of experience in therapeutic effects of EMR
with power density of 10-5 W/cm2 and a smooth tuning of
modulation frequency from 1 to 100 Hz are presented in
Table 2 (575 patients) [Rodionov, 1999].
Comparison of the parameters of therapy with the para-
meters of EMR created by elements of mobile communica-
tions shows that the use of mobile communications may
February, 2001 – Supplement
19
Disease
Type of Therapy
Results of Treatment %
(EMR Range)
Improvement
No Change
Worsening
Bronchial asthma
EHF
69.2
30.8
0
CMW
75.0
25.0
0
DMW
70.6
29.4
0
Ischemic heart disease
EHF
70.0
20.0
10.0
CMW
73.3
26.7
0
DMW
70.0
30.0
0
Hypertension
EHF
70.0
30.0
0
CMW
75.0
25.0
0
DMW
70.0
30.0
0
Gastric and duodenal
EHF
73.3
26.7
0
ulcers
CMW
70.6
29.4
0
DMW
76.9
23.1
0
Radiculitis
EHF
60.0
30.0
10.0
CMW
66.7
33.3
0
DMW
76.5
23.5
0
Vascular-cerebral
EHF
71.4
28.6
0
insuffiency
CMW
69.2
30.8
0
DMW
72.7
27.3
0
Arthrosis
EHF
60.0
40.0
0
CMW
68.8
31.2
0
DMW
76.5
23.5
0
Neurosis with
EHF
80.0
20.0
0
predominance of
CMW
63.6
31.2
0
agitation
DMW
76.5
23.5
0
Neurosis with
EHF
75.5
25.0
0
predominance of
CMW
66.7
33.3
0
depression
DMW
66.7
33.3
0
TABLE 2
Page 20
exacerbate the diseases listed in Table 2.
Patients suffering from neurosis with agitation were
exposed to an EHF-field of 2 mm wavelength and 2 Hz
m o d u l ation fre q u e n cy for 10 minu t e s , b ri n ging ab o u t
improvement in their condition. In treating neurosis with
depression, positive results were obtained with EMR of 2
mm wavelength and frequency modulation at 20-21 Hz.
Irradiation of healthy people with EHF radiation with the
noted parameters puts them in danger of agitation at FM
20-21 Hz and of depression at FM 2 Hz. It also appears
possible to artificially manipulate the psycho-physical con-
dition of people [Kozhokaru; Men’shikov, Rodionov and
Grinyaev].
Much research by various authors has been dedicated to
studying the biological effects of radiation from computer
terminals. [Anisimov, Zabezhinskiy et al.] showed that
chronic irradiation from the video terminals of personal
computers causes acceleration of sexual maturation and
premature termination of reproductive functions in female
mice, and reduces nocturnal levels of melatonin in blood
serum. The data obtained give evidence of the expression of
biological effects of irradiation by PC video terminals and
their possible negative effects on the health of users.
Special neuroendocrinological research by [Khusainova
and Kornienko] showed that six-year-old children regularly
using computers in kindergarten were observed to have an
increased basal level of urinary secretion of adrenaline,
reduced secretion of DOPA, and increased salivary concen-
tration of 11-oxycorticosteroid, which gives evidence of
increased functional activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-
adrenal system and reduction of its reserve potential, and
may be the basis of acceleration of sexual maturation.
For understandable reasons few items are found in the
open press on studies of the negative effects on human
health from EHF EMR from communications equipment.
[Simonenko, Chernetsov and Lyutov] presented data
from an investigation over a span of four years of groups of
workers having contact in the course of their work with
low-power EHF EMR. The first group received irradiation
at a level of 30-40 µW/cm2 for up to six hours a day. The
second group received irradiation at a level of 10-30
µW/cm2 for from two minutes to 2-4 hours a day. The third
group received irradiation at a level of 1 µW/cm2. All other
conditions among the groups were identical. In the first
group, the most frequent illnesses proved to be neurotic
syndrome with vegetative dysfunction and astheno-vegeta-
tive syndrome. There was a high frequency of hyperten-
sion, early development of ischemic heart disease, and
bronchospasms. Nearly all the persons studied complained
of: headache and dizziness; irritability; fatigability; general
weakness; sleep disturbance; daytime sleepiness; pain in
the region of the heart; difficulty breathing; and stomach
pains and indigestion. The frequency and nature of the
complaints were identical for men and women, and the
nature of the complaints were identical for all groups, but
quantitatively they increased depending on age and number
of years on the job.
11. Discussion
[Kryukov] considered biological adaptation, which is a
protective response of an organism to a change in the con-
dition of the external environment (i.e., the current norms).
In the case of EHF EMR adaptation occurs predominantly
on the cellular and genetic levels. This process is extremely
slow, beyond the length of a human life. Therefore, any
increase, however significant, in the range of changes in the
radiation norms may lead to remote negative effects. Fields
in the near and far zones of a radiating antenna are differ-
ent in principle, and consequently may lead to different bio-
logical effects.
Under a sharply resonant response, change in the nature
of functioning over a relatively long time is understood as
a remembrance by the organism of the result of EHF expo-
sure. A sharply resonant response in living organisms is dif-
ficult to verify through the integral functions of a healthy
organism (not changed by external influences). The bands
of frequencies of response of separate systems of the organ-
ism to external influences are usually overlapping. As a
result, the dependency of integral functions on frequency
lacks a pronounced resonant character. The biological
effect at resonant frequencies is usually connected with the
presence in the organism of small disturbances and is
insignificant. A factor acting strongly on the organism,
however, may lead to a sharp change in the response. Thus
in the experiments by L.A. Sevastianova conducted shortly
after the explosion at Chernobyl (in 1986), when grain
exposed to the radiation was used as animal feed, it led to
significant changes in the animals’ reactions to EHF expo-
sure.
Although in our estimation the peak of research on HF
effects in the former USSR occurred in the mid-80s, in the
subsequent years publications appeared (for example, a
review by [Gapeev and Chemeris, 1999]) on the presence
of so-called resonance effects in bioobjects under EMF
exposure, and on the role in bioeffects of some forms of
modulation; the presence of so-called frequency and ampli-
tude windows was demonstrated, which have high biologi-
cal activity at the cellular level, and also in the case of the
influence of EMF on the central nervous and immune sys-
tems. Many studies indicated an “informational” mecha-
nism for the biological effects of EMF. Data we re
p u blished on unpre d i c t able pat h o l ogical reactions of
humans to modulated electromagnetic fields.
Analysis of theoretical and experimental data on the bio-
logical effects of HF EMR indicates the necessity of con-
ducting correct ra d i ation dosimetry for the specifi c
20
No Place To Hide
Page 21
conditions of the experiment and radiating system, other-
wise interpretation of the results obtained may be unreli-
able, inasmuch as artifacts connected with the radiation
may cause disturbances in the effects with no correspon-
dence whatever with the specific action of the EMR. This
would allow systematizing of the data by degree of their
reliability, and consequently, their significance for develop-
ment of further avenues of research into the mechanisms of
action of HF EMR on living systems. The known biotropic
parameters of HF EMR, such as frequency, flux density of
the energy of radiation absorbed by an object, time of expo-
sure, and polarization and modulation of the radiation, are
not a fully exhaustive list of factors affecting an irradiated
object. It is necessary to take the condition of the bioobject
and its connections to the environment into account in more
detail.
Mastery of the mechanism for controlling expression of
genes with the help of electromagnetic radiation may open
up the possibility of controlling the behavior and condition
of biological objects [Nefedov, Protopopov et al.]. With
regard to humans, it leads to the danger that undesirable
consequences on the genetic and physiological levels may
be provoked in populations in irradiated territories. Thus, in
irradiating the human organism it is possible to inhibit a
number of parts of the genome of lymphocytes. This may
lead to various abnormalities, including in immune protec-
tion, which is the body’s most complex system. Such
effects, by inhibiting the translation of certain genes, can
cause the cessation of synthesis of immunocytes respond-
ing to the manufacture of antibodies for certain antigens.
For some time after exposure, the immune system of those
irradiated will not be in a condition to fight infections pro-
voked by antigens, the reaction to which has been inhibited,
and even influenza can prove fatal. [Kryukov, 1998] pre-
sented a diagram of trends in total irradiation over the
course of the 20th century. One should note the sharp
growth in EHF EMR since 1975. One must not exclude the
possible influence of increased levels of EHF EMR on the
appearance and acceleration of the spread of acquired im-
mune deficiency syndrome during this same period of time.
12. Conclusions
The following means of action of HF EMR at non-ther-
mal intensities on biological systems are possible:
1) Frequencies of 109 to 1012 Hz are similar to the fre-
quencies of oscillation of protein molecules, DNA and
RNA; of membranes and other parts of cells; and of con-
formational transitions in enzymes, which creates the pos-
sibility of resonant absorption of HF EMR.
2) The organism as a whole may have its own resonant
frequencies: from living cells to human beings [Sit’ko and
Yanenko].
3) EHF fields, modulated at low frequencies close to the
rhythms of the brain, heart and internal organs, have a
strengthening action. Modulation at infra-frequencies in the
range of 5-16 Hz exerts a strongly negative effect on
humans and animals.
4) Absorption of EMF in biologically active points is
many times more effective than in other parts of the skin,
and this energy influences the internal organs and the body
as a whole through the system of Chinese meridians.
5) At the moment of cellular division, genetic informa-
tion becomes “open,” chromosomes become immobile and
far more susceptible to the influence of HF EMR. An exter-
nal resonance field may induce expression of genes con-
nected with cancer and change the program of cellular
development.
6) Manifestation of the effects of EMF depends on con-
ditions of health and age: healthy adults have minimal sen-
sitivity; embryos, children, elderly persons, and those with
hidden psychological or physical disorders experience sig-
nificant effects, all the way to lethal outcomes.
7) Combination with other deleterious factors: ionizing
radiation, toxic substances, geomagnetic anomalies and
stress significantly increase the effects of HF EMR.
8) Accumulated discord in the work of cells during
chronic and quasiperiodic irradiation leads to confused bio-
rhythms, scattered attention, indistinct phases of sleep and
arousal; the body is not in a condition to make a recovery.
9) The effects of HF EMR occur through the hormonal
system and immune system with amplification and accu-
mulation of effects; and through catalysts of cellular respi-
ration and biosynthesis. These reactions are non-specific,
and it is often difficult to connect them with the fact of irra-
diation by EMF at non-thermal intensities.
10) Occurrence of a narcotic-type dependency (by stim-
ulating production of endorphins) is possible under regular
irradiation with HF EMR.
Much research in the field of biological effects of EMF
makes it possible to define the most sensitive systems in the
human body: nervous, immune, endocrine and reproduc-
tive. These systems of the body are critical. The reactions
of these systems must without fail be considered in evalu-
ating the risks of EMF exposure to a population.
On the level of a nerve cell, of structural formations for
transmission of nerve impulses (synapses), and on the level
of isolated nerve structures, significant deviations occur
during exposure to EMF of low intensities. Higher nervous
activities, including memory, change in people having con-
tact with EMF. These persons may have a tendency to
develop stress reactions. Certain structures of the brain
have heightened sensitivity to EMF. Changes in the perme-
ability of the blood-brain barrier may lead to unexpected,
unfavorable effects. Especially high sensitivity to EMF is
displayed in the embryonic nervous system.
Under exposure to EMF, processes of immunogenesis
February, 2001 – Supplement
21
Page 22
are disturbed, most often in the direction of suppression. It
has also been established that in animals irradiated with
EMF, the nature of the infectious process changes—the
course of the infectious process is aggravated. Initiation of
autoimmunity is connected not so much with changes in the
antigenic structure of tissues, as with pathology in the
immune system, the result of which is that it reacts against
normal tissue antigens. In agreement with this concept, the
basis of all autoimmune conditions consists, firstly, of
immunodeficiency in the thymus-dependent cellular popu-
lation of lymphocytes. EMF can cause non-specific sup-
pression of immunogenesis, increase in the formation of
antibodies to fetal tissue, and stimulation of an autoimmune
reaction in the body during pregnancy.
Considering the important role of the cerebral cortex and
hypothalamus in the expression of psychological functions
in humans, one may anticipate that prolonged repeated
exposure to maximum permissible HF EMR may lead to
psychological disorders.
Public health norms in force in all countries, how-
ever, are based only on regulation of the energetic load
determined by the intensity and duration of contact
with EMF, and do not enable application of maximum
permissible limits to be extended to conditions of expo-
sure to EMF with complex physical characteristics, in
particular, with specific modes of modulation.
When standardizing allowable levels of HF EMR, the
following should also be considered:
• the category of users of the device-radiator or those
undergoing irradiation (children, elderly, diseased, etc.);
• the biological activity of the basic range of HF EMR of
the source-radiator, harmonics, modulation, polarization,
and also the spatial configuration of the radiation.
People who are constantly subject to exposure to HF
EMR in connection with professional activities must be
examined regularly. People with heightened sensitivity
should not be allowed to do these activities, or at least
should be aware that such activities are contraindicated.
As research has shown, super-low power HF EMR is
highly effective in its action on humans. It does not appear
possible to lower the allowable norms to such a level.
An alternative way out of the situation is seen in the
development of a program of individual diagnostics and
creation of a data bank on the effects of HF EMR on the
health of the nation in order to substantiate conclusions.
In addition to general methods of examination, monitoring
the health of individuals subjected to HF EMR exposure
may involve such special methods as LCS study of blood
plasma, electropuncture diagnosis of the reaction of the
body to specific HF EMR exposure and other methods
applied during treatment with HF resonance therapy for
objective monitoring of the reaction of the body to expo-
sure (cellular microelectrophoresis, infrared thermography,
factor analysis of immune system indicators, etc.). The first
method allows mass examination of health conditions to be
done quickly and cheaply with identification of signs char-
acteristic of that type of exposure. The other methods allow
individual reactions of people to be determined over a spe-
cific range and power of exposure or to a specific source of
radiation. These kinds of examinations should be available
to all who want them. All these methods are far more infor-
mative if they are applied dynamically. A number of large-
scale immunological methods exist for quick monitoring of
human health conditions [Malykhin].
The results of all examinations should be processed cen-
trally at the government level for making safety standards
for HF EMR more precise, for clarifying the possible sta-
tistical connections between HF EMR ex p o s u re and
increased numbers of genetic anomalies in the population,
and for determining the level of danger from HF EMR to
the health of the nation.
13. Appendix
Energy transmitted from a source of EM radiation
through a normally positioned unit area over a unit of time:
energy flux density (EFD), power flux density (PFD),
intensity, energy flux, power flux, power density, Umov-
Pointing vector, exposure rate (W/m2).
The upper energetic threshold of non-thermal bioeffects
is about 10 mW/cm2 (not causing heating of the bio-
medium of more than 0.1 K).
22
No Place To Hide
UV
200 nm – 400 nm
1.5 x 1015 - 7.5 x 1014
9.95 x 10-19 - 4.97 x 10-19
Visible Light
400 nm – 800 nm
7.5 x 1014 - 3.75 x 1014
4.97 x 10-19 - 2.49 x 10-19
IR
1 µ – 100 µ
3 x 1014 - 3 x 1012
1.99 x 10-19 - 1.99 x 10-21
mm (EHF)
1 mm – 1 cm
3 x 1011 - 3 x 1010
1.99 x 10-22 - 1.99 x 10-23
cm
1 cm – 10 cm
3 x 1010 - 3 x 109
1.99 x 10-23 - 1.99 x 10-24
dm
10 cm – 1 m
3 x 109 - 3 x 108
1.99 x 10-24 - 1.99 x 10-25
TABLE 3
Range
Wavelength
Frequency, Hz
Energy, J
Page 23
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone
AEFD
absorbed energy flux density
AFO
active forms of oxygen
AM
amplitude modulation
AN USSR
Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian
SSR
AN SSSR
Academy of Sciences of the USSR
ATP
adenosine triphosphate acid
BAP
biologically active point
BEF MMW
biological effects of millimeter waves
CL
chemiluminescence
CMW
centimeter waves
DMW
decimeter waves
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
DOPA
3,4 dioxyphenylalanine – amino acid, an
intermediate product in the synthesis of
melanin
EEG
electroencephalogram
EFD
energy flux density
EHF EMR
extremely high frequency electromag-
netic radiation
EKG
electrocardiogram
EMF
electromagnetic field
EMW
electromagnetic wave
EPR
electron paramagnetic resonance
FM
frequency modulation
GOST
Governmental All-Union Standard
HF EMR
high frequency electromagnetic radiation
IRE RAN
Institute of Radioelectronics, Russian
Academy of Sciences
LCS
laser correctional spectroscopy
MM, SUBMM millimeter, submillimeter (range)
MMW
millimeter wave
MPH RF
Ministry of Public Health of the Russian
Federation
MRT
microwave resonance therapy
NMR
nuclear magnetic resonance
NPO
Scientific Industrial Union
OST
All-Union Standards
PD
power density
PFD
power flux density
RAN
Russian Academy of Sciences
RBM
red bone marrow
RNA
ribonucleic acid
SAR
specific absorption rate
SHF
super-high frequency
VNK
Provisional Scientific Collective
17-OCS
oxycorticosteroid
February, 2001 – Supplement
23
No. Frequency and Power Period of Exposure
Organism
Results of Exposure Reference, Year
of EHF EMR
to EHF EMR
or Part Exposed
1.
34.52 GHz,
From 3 to 24 hours
Full irradiation
Reliable effect of EHF
Kryukov, 1998
120 mW/cm2
of toads in water EMR on frequency
of formation of
micronuclei in peripheral
blood cells
2.
41.95 GHz,
20 min. at a
Cells irradiated
The functional status of Alovskaya, 1998
150 µW/cm2
temperature of
under a mode of
a cell determines the
19-22º C
continuous
effect of exposure to
generation
EHF EMR on the cell,
strengthening,
weakening or not
changing its response to
an activating agent.
3.
λ=5.6 mm,
Green leaf cells
Stimulation of the ATP
Petrov, 1984
P = 0.5 mW/cm2
from plants
synthesis in green leaf
cells from plants.
4.
59 GHz,
Daily
Rats at 1st-6th
The offspring of the rats Soldatchenkov,
1 mW/cm2
or 6th-16th day
had changes in motor
1989
of gestation
activity, conditional-
reflex activity and latent
period of reaction.
TABLE 4: Summary of a Few of the Experimental Results Mentioned in this Review
Page 24
24
No Place To Hide
No. Frequency and Power Period of Exposure
Organism
Results of Exposure Reference, Year
of EHF EMR
to EHF EMR
or Part Exposed
5.
58-78 GHz;
15 min.
Mouse embryos
Modulating effect of
Khramov, 1989
1-5 mW/cm2
EMR, starting from the
two-cell stage of
development.
6.
60 µW/cm2
4 months
Rats
Reduction of fertility
Nikitina, 1989
and the number and
weight of offspring,
increase in post natal
deaths of rat pups by a
factor of 2.5; dystrophic
changes in reproductive
organs of animals.
7.
37 GHz;
15 min.
Rats
Stimulation of prolifera- Kazakova, 1999
0.3 mW/cm2
tive processes in red
bone marrow.
8.
37 GHz;
15 min.
Rats
Suppression of blood
Kazakova, 1999
0.3 mW/cm2;
formation, all the way
Amp. Mod. of 5-10 Hz
to aplastic condition of
the red bone marrow.
9.
λ = 6.52; 7.31 mm
Blood
Change in the
Zalyubovskaya,
outflow of free Hb
Gordienko, 1975
10.
λ =( 5.9-7.2) mm
Cell culture
Change in cell
Sevastianova,
morphology, increase in 1979; Zalyubov-
speed of mitosis.
skaya, Kiselev,
Principles…,
1975
11.
λ = 6.5; (5-8) mm
Kidney cells
Change in morphology, Marki, 1980;
destruction of
Zalyubovskaya,
membranes, degeneration 1978
of protoplasm, reduction
of viability.
12.
λ =4.0; 4.6; 4.8; 5.0;
Thrombocytes
Increased speed of
Use…, Pro-
5.2; 5.45 mm
aggregation.
ceedings…, 1989
(Maksimenko)
13.
λ = 6.56 mm
E. coli
Increased synthesis of
Smolyanskaya,
colicin.
1973;
Zalyubovskaya,
Kiselev,
Principles…,
1975
14.
λ = 5.8; 6.5; 7.1 mm
E. coli
Change in enzyme
Devyatkov,
activity and growth rate; Betskiy, 1981;
lethal effect.
Vilenskaya, 1972
15.
λ = 7.095; 7.1; 7.12;
Bacteria
Intensification of
Sevastianova,
7.15 mm
biochemical activity and 1979
growth rate.
Page 25
February, 2001 – Supplement
25
No. Frequency and Power Period of Exposure
Organism
Results of Exposure Reference, Year
of EHF EMR
to EHF EMR
or Part Exposed
16.
λ = 5.7-7.1 mm
Bacteria
Lethal effect.
Arber, 1980
17.
λ = 8.2; 7.18 mm
Yeast
Stimulation of growth, Beliy, 1989
biochemical activity and
biosynthesis.
18.
λ = (6.8-7.2); 6.05;
Yeast
Change in growth cycles Medical…,
6.035 mm
and morphology
Collection…,
1987
(Manoylov)
19.
λ = 8.3; 6.66; 7.1;
Blue-green algae Stimulation of growth,
Medical…,
7.89; 8.34 mm
change in speed of
C o l l e c t i o n … , 1987
photosynthesis.
(Tambiev);
Tambiev, 1991
20.
λ = (5, 7-8); 7.2; 6.5;
Drosophila
Mutagenesis,
S u c c e s s e s …, 1973
7.5 mm
sterilization of female
(Zalyubovskaya);
specimens, change in
Smolyanskaya,
fertility and viability.
Gel’vich, 1979
21.
λ = 6.5; 7.15 mm
Chicken embryos Reduced weight, change S u c c e s s e s … , 1973
in incubation period by (Zalyubovskaya);
2-3 days.
Smolyanskaya,
Gel’vich, 1979
22.
λ = 6.5; 5.6 mm
Rats
Effect on physiological S u c c e s s e s … , 1973
processes and
(Zalyubovskaya)
metabolism.
23.
λ = (3.8-5.7);
Humans
Acceleration of
Volchenko,
(10.7-11.0);
regeneration of
1989;
(4.61-6.66) mm
biological tissues,
Cherkasov,
general reaction of the
1978;
10-3-10-8 W/cm2
1 min. to 12 hrs.
body; agitation or
Kolbun, 1987
(Kolbun)
(Kolbun)
somnolence, change in
arterial pressure and
pulse, reliable sensory
reactions.
24.
45-65 GHz; power up
Human BAP
Sensoryl reactions in the Andreev, 1984;
to 10 mW/cm2
region of the organ with Andreev, 1985
marked disturbance,
change in the pulse rate
by 10-20 beats/min.,
arterial pressure by
10-15 mm Hg., and
effective renal plasma
flow by 10-20%; tremors
in separate groups of
muscles; sleep of a
hypnotic nature.
Page 26
14. References
I. In Russian (English translations of titles may differ
slightly from authors’):
1. Afromeev, V.I. Biological, physical and mathematical corre-
lation in achieving therapeutic-diagnostic effects in high
frequency fields. Vestnik novykh meditsinskikh tekhnologiy
IV(1-2):16-23, 1997.
2. A f ro m e ev, V. I . , N ago rn i y, M . M . , S o ko l ov s k i y, I . I . ,
Subbotina, T.I. & Yashin, A.A. Therapy, monitoring and
correction of the condition of the human body by the influ-
ence of high frequency electromagnetic fields in a closed
biotechnical system
3. Afromeev, V.I.,Subbotina, T.I. & Yashin,A.A. Correlational
approach and role of physiological rhythms in explaining
the effects of interaction of electromagnetic fields with
living substance. Vestnik novykh meditsinskikh tekhnologiy
IV(3):31-35, 1997.
4. Afromeev, V.I., Zagural’skiy, N.F. Kruglikov, I.T., Privalov,
V.N. & Sokolovskiy, I.I. Biophysical preconditions and
radiotechnical solutions for increasing the effectiveness of
EHF therapy VNMT, IV(4), 1997.
5. Aleshenkov, M.S, & Rodionov, B.N. Interaction of physical
fields and radiation with biological objects and protecting
them from negative effects. Moscow: MGUL, 1998.
6. A l e s h e n kov, M . S. , R o d i o n ov, B. N. , Ti t ov, V. B. , &
Yarochkin, V.I. Energy-informational safety of the person
and the government. Moscow: Parusa, 1997.
7. Alipov, Ye,D., Belyaev, I.Ya., Kravchenko, V.G, Polunin,
V. A . , & Shch eg l ov, V. S. Experimental Basis fo r
Commonality of Resonant Reaction of Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic Cells to Millimeter Waves of Low Intensity.
Physics of the Alive, 1(1):72-79, 1993.
8. A l ov s k aya , A . A . , G ab d u l k h a kova , A . G. , G ap e ev, A . B. ,
D e d kova , Ye. N. , S a f ro n ova , V. G. , Fe s e n ko , Ye. Ye. &
Chemeris, N.K. Biological effect of EHF EMR determined
by the functional status of cells. Vestnik novykh meditsin-
skikh tekhnologiy 5(2):11-15, 1998.
9. Andreev, Ye.A., Beliy, M.U. & Sit’ko, S.P. Occurrence of
the human body ’s own ch a ra c t e ristic fre q u e n c i e s .
Documents of AN USSR, B(10):60-63, 1984.
10. Andreev, Ye.A., Beliy, M.U. & Sit’ko, S.P. Reaction of the
human organism to electromagnetic radiation of the mil-
limeter range. Vestnik AN SSSR 1:24-32, 1985.
11. A n i s i m ov, V. N. , Z ab e z h i n s k i y, M . A . , M u rat ov, Ye. I . ,
Popovich, I.G.,Arutyunan A.V., et al. Influence of radiation
from video terminals of personal computers on estrous
function, melatonin levels and free radical processes in lab-
oratory rodents. Biophysics, 43(1):165-170, 1998.
12. Arber, S.L. & Adzhimulaev, T.A. Is detection of super-high
frequency electromagnetic fields by nerve cell membranes
possible? Elektron. Obrabotka materialov 1:74-75, 1980.
13. A r z u m a n ov, Yu . L . , B e t s k i y, O. V. , D ev yat kov, N. D. ,
Lebedeva, N.N., et al. Application of mm waves in clinical
medicine (latest ach i evements). Millimeter Waves in
Medicine and Biology. Second Russian Symposium.
Moscow, 1997, pp. 9-12.
14. Balakireva, Ye.M., Borodkina, A.G., et al. Research on the
influence of frequency modulation of radio waves on the
protection of bone marrow blood production in animals
exposed to X-rays. Elektron. Tekhnika. Elektronika SVCh
Series 7 (343):9-12, 1982.
15. Balibalova, Ye.M., Borodkina,A.G. & Golant, M.B. On the
use of amplitude modulation for increasing the effectiveness
of equipment used for informational effects of electromag-
netic oscillations on living organisms. Elektron. Tekhnika.
Elektronika SVCh Series 8 (344):6-7, 1982.
16. B a l i b a l ova , Ye. N. , B o z h a n ova , T. P. , G o l a n t , M . B. &
R eb rova , T. B. Methods of studying sharp ly re s o n a n t
response of living organisms to the effects of EHF radiation.
Apparatniy kompleks “Elektronika-KVCh” i yevo primene-
nie v meditsine. L.G. Gassanova, ed. Moscow: 1991, 156
pp. NPO “Saturn, Kiev, pp. 51-57.
26
No Place To Hide
No. Frequency and Power Period of Exposure
Organism
Results of Exposure Reference, Year
of EHF EMR
to EHF EMR
or Part Exposed
25.
57-78 GHz; power less 10-20 seconds
Human BAP
Change in bioelectric
Gerashchenko,
than 1 mW/cm2
activity of muscles in
1991
deep stages of hypnosis.
26.
(54-76) GHz;
7 min.
Isolated cells
Normalizing effect on
Bundyuk, 1994
10-14-10-16 W/cm2
damaged by
cell growth.
ionizing radiation
27.
(35.9-55.1) GHz;
3-7 min./day for
Rats and mice with Immuno-modulating
Bundyuk, 1994
3 mW/cm2
10 days
implanted
effect
carcinomas
28.
54-76 GHz;
5 min./day for 5 days Mice exposed to
Immuno-modulating
Bundyuk, 1994
10-14 W/cm2
ionizing radiation effect
Page 27
17. Beliy, M.U., Khokhlov, V.V., Tsikora, T.P. & Yakunov, A.V.
Digital noise and prospects for its use in biology and medi-
cine. Physics of the Alive 6(2):53-58, 1998.
18. Beliy, M.U., Kolbun, N.D. & Lobarev, V.Ye. On the biolog-
ical effect of mm radiation in the 2.5 mm wavelength range.
Proceedings of the symposium, “Mechanisms of Biological
Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation,” Pushchino, 27-31
October 1987, 202 pp.
19. Beliy, M.U. & Yakunov, A.V. Non-linear spectroscopic
properties of living systems in the microwave field, in works
of VNK “OTKLIK.” In the program Physical principles of
diagnostics and therapy with the help of EMF in the mm
range, Kiev, 1989, pp. 70-71.
20. B e t s k i y, O. V. On sources of millimeter therapy.
Radiotechnics, 1997, No. 9, pp. 61-69.
21. B og d a n ov, N. P. , M e l ’ n i kov, V. N. , P i s a n ko , O.I. &
Pyasetskiy, V.I. Problem of influence of low-intensity EHF
ra d i ation on the human body. Ap p a ratniy ko m p l e k s
“Elektronika-KVCh” i yevo primenenie v meditsine., L.G.
Gassanova, ed. Moscow: 1991, 156 pp. NPO “Saturn,”
Kiev, pp. 61-64.
22. B u n dy u k , L . S. , Ku z ’ m e n ko , A . P. & Po n e z h a , G. V.
Experimental and clinical appraisal of negative currents of
microwave EMR. Physics of the Alive 7(2):11-18, 1999.
23. Bundyuk, L.S., Kuz’menko, A.P., Ryabchenko, N.N. &
Litvinov, G.S. Corrective action of millimeter waves on sys-
tems of various levels of hierarchy. Physics of the Alive
2(1):12-25, 1994.
24. C h e rk a s ov, I . S. , N e z dve t s k i y, V.A. & Gilenko , A . V.
Biomedical Effects of millimeter radio wave s .
Oftal’mologicheskiy zhurnal 3:187-190, 1978.
25. Chernetsov, A.A., Lyutov, V.V. & Volodin, A.S. On electro-
magnetic safety in military-technical objects. Voenno-med-
itsinskiy zhurnal Vol.CCCXIX, No. 3, 1998.
26. Davydov, A.S. Biology and Quantum Mechanics. Kiev:
Naukova Dumka, 1979, 296 pp.
27. Devyatkov, N.D., Betskiy, O.V., et al. Influence of electro-
magnetic oscillations in the mm wavelength range on bio-
l ogical systems. R a d i o b i o l ogi ya , 1 9 8 1 , Vo l . 2 1 , Pa rt 2,
pp. 163-171.
28. Devyatkov, N.D., Didenko, N.P., Zelentsov, V.I., et al.
Resonant interaction of SHF radiation in the mm range at
low intensities with hemoglobin. Radiobiologiya 23(1)80-
83, 1983.
29. D ev yat kov, N. D. , G e l ’v i ch E.A., et al. Radiophy s i c a l
aspects of use in medicine of the energetic and informa-
tional effects of electro m agnetic oscillations. E l e k t ro n .
Tekhnika, Elektronika SVCh Series 9(333):43-50, 1981.
30. Devyatkov, N.D. & Golant, M.B. “Peculiarities of fre-
quency-dependent biological effects under the influence of
electromagnetic radiation,” Elektron. Tekhnika, Elektronika
SVCh Series 12(348):46-50, 1982.
31. Devyatkov, N.D., Golant, M.B. & Betskiy, O.V. Hypothesis
on the interconnectedness of the influence of coherent, low-
power waves of the EHF, IR, visible light and UF ranges on
the functioning of cells. In the book Millimeter Waves in
Medicine: Coll. of articles, Vol.2, N.D. Devyatkov and O.V.
Betskiy, eds.
Moscow: IRE RAN Publishers, 1991,
pp. 349-362.
32. Devyatkov, N.D., Golant, M.B. & Betskiy, O.V. Millimeter
waves and their role in the processes of life activities.
Moscow: Radio and Communications, 1991, 168 pp.
33. D ev yat kov, N. D. , G o l a n t , M . B. & Reb rova , T. B.
Radioelectronics and medicine: on the possibility of using
some analogies. Izvestiya vuzov SSSR. Radioelektron. 1982,
Vol.25, No. 9, pp. 3-8.
34. Devyatkov, N.D., Golant, M.B. & Tager, A.S. The role of
synchronization and influence of weak signals of the mm
wavelength range on living organisms. Effekty neteplovovo
vozdeystviya mm izlucheniya na biologicheskie obiekty,
N.D. Devyatkov, ed. Moscow: AN SSSR, 1983, pp. 7-17.
35. Demchenko, A.P. Luminescence and dynamics of protein
structure. Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1988, 277 pp.
36. Dmitrievskiy, I.M. Magnetic-resonant mechanism of the
action of low (non-thermal) intensity on biological objects
and its application to the EHF range. Pages 26-28 in
Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Use of mm
Electromagnetic Radiation in Medicine: Proceedings of the
1st All-Union Symposium with International Participation.
Kiev: VNK “Otklik,” 1989, 404 pp.
37. Dumanskiy, Yu.D. & Prokhvatilo, V.Ye. Electromagnetic
field of industrial frequency as a factor in the environment
and its hygienic regulation. Gigiena i sanitariya 5:72-74,
1979.
38. E ffects of Non-thermal Influence of mm Radiation on
Biological Objects, Prof. N.D. Devyatkov, ed. Moscow:AN
SSSR, 1983, 220 pp.
39. E l e c t ro m agnetic Fields in Medicine and Biology :
Proceedings of All-Russ. Sci. Conf. (28-30 June 1995,
R yazan’). Rya z a n ’ : R yazansk Gov. Radiotech. A c a d.
Publishers, 1995, 48 pp.
40. Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Use of mm
Electromagnetic Radiation in Medicine: Proceedings of the
1st All-Union Symposium with International Participation
(10-13 May 1989, Kiev). Kiev: VNK “Otklik,” 1989, 404
pp.
41. Gapeev, A.B. & Chemeris, N.K. Action of continuous and
modulated EHF EMR on animal cells. Review in Vestnik
novykh meditsinskikh tekhnologiy VI(1):15-22, (2):39-45,
1999.
42. Gapeev, A.B., Safronova, V.G., Chemeris, N.K. & Fesenko,
Ye.Ye. Modification of the activity of mouse peritoneal neu-
trophils under the influence of millimeter waves in near and
far fields of the radiator. Biophysics 41(1):205-219, 1996.
43. Gerashchenko, S.I., Pisanko, O.I. & Mus’kin, Yu.N. Some
physiological reactions of organisms under the influence of
EHF radiation. Apparatniy kompleks “Elektronika-KVCh” i
yevo primenenie v meditsine.,L.G. Gassanova,ed. Moscow:
1991, 156 pp. NPO “Saturn, Kiev, pp. 65-71.
February, 2001 – Supplement
27
Page 28
44. Golant, M.B. Influence of monochromatic low-power elec-
t ro m agnetic ra d i ation of the mm ra n ge on biologi c a l
processes. Biophysics 31(1):139-147, 1986.
45. Golinskaya, M.S. & Alekseev, S.I. Combined Symposium
“ M e chanisms of Biological Action of Electro m ag n e t i c
Radiation,” 26-31 October 1987, Pushchino. In Voprosy
kurortologii, fizioterapii i lechebnoy fizkul’tury 4:75-77,
1988.
46. G o rd o n , Z . V, L o b a n ova , Ye. A . , K i t s ov s k aya , I.A. &
Tolgksaya, M.S. “Research on biological action of electro-
magnetic waves of the mm range,” Bulletin of Experimental
Biology and Medicine 7:37-39, 1969.
47. GOST 12.1.006-76 SSTB. Electromagnetic fields of radio
frequencies. General safety requirements, effective from
January 1981.
48. G ri go ri ev, Yu . G. P ro b ability of Developing Malignant
Tumor Process Under Influence of EMR. Moscow: Center
for Electromagnetic Safety, 1996.
49. Grigoriev, Yu.G., Grigoriev, O.A., Stepanov, V.S. & Pal’tsev,
Yu.P. Electromagnetic pollution of the environment and
health of the Russian population. “Health and
Environment” Fund, Russian Association for Public Health,
A.K. Demina, ed. Moscow, 1997, pp. 9-76.
50. Grinyaev, S.N. & Rodionov, B.N. Possible consequences of
influence of low-energy electromagnetic radiation on the
genetic apparatus of a living cell. Vestnik novykh meditsin-
skikh tekhnologiy VI(1):40-42, 1999.
51. Grubnik, B.P., Sit’ko S.P. & Shalimov, A.A. Experience in
applying the technology of the “Sit’ko-MRT” for rehabilita-
tion of oncological patients in stage III-IV. Physics of the
Alive 6(1):97-102, 1998.
52. Ivanchenko, I.A., Gridina, H.Ya., Trilis, V.G. & Ogar’, L.D.
On the coefficient of reflectivity of the skin in the millime-
ter EMR range. Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Use of
mm Electromagnetic Radiation in Medicine, Proceedings of
the 1st All-Union Symposium with Intern at i o n a l
Pa rt i c i p at i o n , (10-13 May 1989, K i ev). Kiev : V N K
“Otklik,” 1989, p. 174.
53. Illarionov, V.E. Medical Informational-Wave Technology.
Moscow: VTs MK “Zashchita,” 1998.
54. Iskin, V.D. Biological Effects of Millimeter Waves and a
C o rre l ational Method of Detecting Th e m , K h a r ’ kov :
“Osnova” Publishers at Khar’kovskiy University, 1990,
248 pp.
55. I s m a i l ov, E.Sh. B i o p hysical Action of SHF Radiat i o n .
Moscow: Energoatomizdat, 1987, 144 pp.
56. Kazakova, L.G., Svetlova, S.Yu., Subbotina, T.I. & Yashin,
A.A. Morp h o l ogical and biophysical analysis of bone
marrow blood production in rats under the influence of low-
intensity electromagnetic EHF radiation. Vestnik novykh
meditsinskikh tekhnologiy VI(3-4):38-41, 1999.
57. Khadartsev, A.A. & Yashin, A.A. New medical technology
and hardware for treatment of diseases of internal organs.
Vestnik novykh meditsinskikh tekhnologiy III(2):6-9, 1996.
58. Khar’kyanen, V.N. Synergetic principles of primary recep-
tion of EHF EMR in biosystems. Page 13 of Fundamental
and Applied aspects of Use of mm Electro m ag n e t i c
Radiation in Medicine, Proceedings of the 1st All-Union
Symposium with International Participation (10-13 May
1989, Kiev). Kiev: VNK “Otklik,” 1989, 404 pp.
59. Khramov, R.N. & Zubin, M.I. Influence of EHF EMR on
dynamics of development in vitro of implanted mouse
embryos. Ibid., pp. 165-166.
60. Khusainova, I.S. & Kornienko, G.G. Proceedings of the 4th
All-Russian Conference “Neuroendocrinology-95,” 11-13
April 1995. St. Petersburg, 1995, 131 pp.
61. Kolbun, N.D. & Sit’ko S.P. Sensory indications by the
human body of EHF-ra n ge electro m agnetic ra d i at i o n .
M e chanisms of Biological Action of Electro m ag n e t i c
Radiation: Proceedings of the Pushchino Symposium, 27-31
October 1987, 202 pp.
62. Kozhokaru, A.F. Mechanism of the energetic-informational
influence of low-intensity EMR. Problems of electromag-
netic safety for humans: Proceedings of the 1st Russian
Conf. Moscow, 1996.
63. Kryukov, V.I., Subbotina, T.I. & Yashin, A.A. Norms, adap-
tation and the placebo effect when exposing a human organ-
ism to electro m agnetic EHF ra d i ation. Vestnik nov y k h
meditsinskikh tekhnologiy 5(2):15-17, 1998.
64. Kuz’menko, V.M. Dynamics of electroencephalographic
indicators during microwave resonance therapy of cerebral
arteriosclerosis patients. Physics of the Alive 6(2):96-100,
1998.
65. Malykhin A.V. Some aspects of disturbance of homeostasis
under critical conditions and their correction with help of
EHF therapy and xenoimplantation of embryonic brain-spe-
cific tissue. Ibid. 8(1):109-115, 2000.
66. Marki, D.I. Research conducted in the USSR in the field of
biological action of EHF radiation. IEEE, 68(1):96-104,
1980.
67. Medical-biological aspects of low-intensity mm radiation:
Collection of scientific wo rk s . N. D. Dev yat kov, e d.
Moscow: AN SSSR IRE, 1987, 280 pp.
68. Men’shikov, V.A., Rodionov, B.I. & Grinyaev, S.N. Genetic
consequences of the influence of radiation from communi-
cations satellite systems on humans. Proceedings of the
International Scientific-Practical Conference “Ecology and
Life,” Penza, 1999.
69. Millimeter Waves in Biology and Medicine (bibliography).
Moscow: ZAO MTA-KVCh, 1996, 39 pp.
70. Millimeter Waves in Biology and Medicine: Second Russian
Symposium: Collection of Works. Moscow, 1997.
71. Millimeter Waves in Medicine and Biology: Collection of
Scientific Works. N.D. Devyatkov, ed. Moscow: AN SSSR
IRE, 1989, 307 pp.
72. Millimeter Waves in Medicine: Collection of Articles, Vol.1
& 2. H.D. Devyatkov and O.V. Betskiy, eds. Moscow: Inst.
28
No Place To Hide
Page 29
R a d i o t e ch. and Electron. Publ i s h e rs , AN SSSR, 1 9 9 1 ,
585 pp.
73. Mironov, A.V., Nikitin, V.V., Fedorishchev, I.A. & Yashin,
A.A. “EHF equipment for treatment of gastroenterological
illnesses,” Vestnik novykh meditsinskikh tekhnologiy II(3-
4):146-149, 1995.
74. Miroshnikova, T.K. Peculiarities of the interaction of elec-
tromagnetic fields and biological objects, and their shield-
ing. Meditsina truda i promyshlennaya ekologiya 5:24-30,
1977.
75. Mkrtchyan, L.N., et al. “Physics of the Alive” in the med-
ical-biological aspect. Physics of the Alive 1993, 1(1):110-
131.
76. N e fe d ov, Ye. I . , P ro t o p o p ov, A . A . , S e m e n t s ov, A . N. &
Yashin, A.A. Interaction of physical fields with living sub-
stance, A.A. Khadartsev, ed. Tula: Tul’skiy Govt. Univ.
Publishers, 1995, 180 pp.
77. N e fe d ov, Ye. I . , P ro t o p o p ov, A . A . , K h a d a rt s ev, A.A. &
Yashin, A.A. Biophysics of fields, radiation and bioinfor-
matics, Part 1. Tula: Tul’skiy Govt. Univ. Publishers, 1998.
78. Nikitina, H.G. & Andrienko, L.G. Condition of reproductive
functions in experimental animals under the influence of
electromagnetic radiation of mm waves. Fundamental and
Applied aspects of Use of mm E l e c t ro m agnetic Radiat i o n
in Medicine, Proceedings of the 1st All-Union Symposium
with International Participation (10-13 May 1989, Kiev).
Kiev: VNK “Otklik,” pp. 288-289, 1989.
79. N o n - t h e rmal Effects of Millimeter Radiat i o n . N. D.
Devyatkov, ed. Moscow: IRE AN SSSR, 1981, 338 pp.
80. Novskova, T.A. & Gayduk, V.I. Connection of absorption
spectra with rotational motion of molecules of liquid and
bound water. Biophysics 41(3):565-582, 1996.
81. Occupational Hygiene at Radio Location Stations and
Other Facilities Using Electronic Apparatus. St. Petersburg:
VmedA Publishers, 1994, pp. 10-13.
82. Orlova, T.I. et al. Influence of SHF fields on human ner-
vous-psychic functions. Kazanskiy Meditsinskiy zhurnal.
56(6):73-74.
83. Pe rson in Electro m agnetic Fi e l d s (A Brief Ecologi c a l
Encyclopedia, Part 2). GNTsRF-Institute of Biophysics,
Center for Electromagnetic Safety.
84. Petrov, I.Yu. & Betskiy, O.V. Change in potentials of plasma
membranes of green leaf cells during electromagnetic irra-
diation. DAN SSSR 305(2), 1984.
85. Petrosyan, V.I., Zhiteneva, E.A., Gulyaev, Yu.V., Devyatkov
N.D., Yelkin, V.A. & Sinitsyn, N.I. Physics of interaction of
millimeter waves with living objects. Radiotekhnika 9:20-
31, 1996.
86. Pisanko, O.I., Pyasetskiy, V.I. & Mus’kin, Yu.N. Questions
of hygienic standardization of EHF radiation. Apparatniy
kompleks “Elektronika-KVCh” i yevo primenenie v medit-
sine. L.G. Gassanova, ed. Moscow: 1991, 156 pp. NPO
“Saturn,” Kiev, pp. 18-24.
87. Po d t a ev, S. Yu. & Fe d o rov, Ye. , F. Synch ro n i z ation of
psycho-physical reactions under the influence of electro-
magnetic radiation of the millimeter range on the human
body. Millimeter Waves in Biology and Medicine 6:49-52,
1995.
88. Potebnya, G.P., Lisovenko, G.S., Shalimov, S.A., et al.
Dose- and substrate-dependent effect of exposure on growth
of ex p e rimental tumor specimens of va rious nat u re s .
Physics of the Alive 6(2):65-72, 1998.
89. Presman, A.S. Electromagnetic fields and life. Moscow:
Nauka, 1968, 288 pp.
90. Problems of Quantum Medicine in Ukraine and Abroad:
Proceedings of the Second International Scientific-Practical
Conference, Donetsk, 22-25 October 1997, 127 pp.
91. P ya s e t s k i y, V.I. & Pisanko O.I. Clinical-ex p e ri m e n t a l
aspects of utilization of the “Elektronika-KVCh” apparatus
in biology and medicine. Ap p a ratniy ko m p l e k s
“Elektronika-KVCh” i yevo primenenie v meditsine.
L.G. Gassanova, ed. Moscow: 1991, 156 pp. NPO “Saturn,”
Kiev, pp. 77-89.
92. Radionov, V.G. Clinical-laboratory basis for utilization of
EHF therapy in dermatology. Ibid. pp. 125-130.
93. Rodionov, B.N. Energy-informational influence of low-
energy EMR on biological objects. Vestnik novykh med-
itsinskikh tekhnologiy VI(3-4):24-26, 1999.
94. Rodionov, B.N. Physical-technical bases for utilization of
space systems for normalization of ecological conditions.
Proceedings of II MNTK “Problems and technology for cre-
ation and utilization of space systems.” Moscow: GKNPTs
under M.V. Khrunichev, 1998.
95. Rodionov, B.N. & Rodionov, R.B. On reproducibility of
results of super-weak energy-informational influences on
b i o l ogical objects. P roceedings of the Intern at i o n a l
C o n gress “ S c i e n t i fic Bases of Energy - i n fo rm at i o n a l
Interaction in Nature and Society,” Crimea, 1997.
96. Rodshtadt, I.V. Range of significant electromagnetic effects
in the context of processes of reception. Vestnik novykh
meditsinskikh tekhnologiy 5(2):131-133, 1998.
97. Rozhavin, M.A., Sologub, V.V., Mikityuk, I.Yu., et al.
Increase of antagonistic activity of Bacillus subtilis after
exposure to EHF EMR. Fundamental and Applied Aspects
of Use of mm Electromagnetic Radiation in Medicine,
P roceedings of the 1st All-Union Symposium with
International Participation. Kiev: VNK “Otklik,” 1989,
p. 324.
98. Rudenko, A.V., Kolbun, N.D. & Tolkach, A.A. Change in
adhesive properties of microorganisms under the influence
of millimeter radiation. Ibid., p. 190.
99. S a f ro n ova , V. G. , G ap e ev, A . B. , A l ov s k aya , A . A . ,
Gabdulkhakova, A.G., Chemeris, N.K. & Fesenko, Ye.Ye.
Millimeter waves inhibit synergetic effect of calcium
ionophore A23187 and phorbol ether in activating respira-
tory burst of neutrophils. Biophysics 42(6):536-542, 1997.
100. Serikov, A.A. On the influence of low-intensity EMR on
biomolecular transformation. Pages 23-24 in Fundamental
and Applied aspects of Use of mm Electro m ag n e t i c
February, 2001 – Supplement
29
Page 30
Radiation in Medicine, Proceedings of the 1st All-Union
Symposium with International Participation. Kiev: VNK
“ O t k l i k ,”
1 9 8 9 ,
404 pp.
101. Sevastianova, L.A. Peculiarities of biological influence of
radio waves of the mm range and possibility of their utiliza-
tion in medicine. Bulletin of Academy of Medical Science of
the USSR 2:65-68, 1979.
102. Simonenko, V.B, Chernetsov, A.A. & Lyutov, V.V. Influence
of electromagnetic radiation in the radio-frequency range on
the health condition of an organized collective. Voenno-med-
itsinskiy zhurnal CCCXIX(5):64-68, 1998.
103. Sit’ko, S.P. Conceptual bases for physics of the alive.
Physics of the Alive 6(1):57-72, 1998.
104. Sit’ko, S.P. Conclusive evidence in favor of conceptual
bases of physics of the alive. Ibid., pp. 6-9.
105. Sit’ko, S.P., Skripnik, Yu.A. & Yanenko, A.F. Hardware of
modern technology of quantum medicine. Kiev: FADA
LTD, 1999, 199 pp.
106. Sit’ko, S.P., Skripnik, Yu.A. & Yanenko, A.F. Some pecu-
liarities of microwave fields and irradiation of biological
objects. Physics of the Alive 7(2):5-10, 1999.
107. Sit’ko, S.P., Shakhbazov, V.G., Rud’ko, B.F., Grubnik, B.P.,
N i k i s h i n a , H . G. , B u n dy u k , L . S. & Po n e z h a , G. V.
Objectivization of regulatory action of microwave reso-
nance therapy. Ibid. 5(2):103-107, 1997.
108. S m o lya n s k aya , A . Z . , G e l ’v i ch , E.A. & Golant, M . B.
Resonant phenomena under effect of electromagnetic waves
of the mm range on biological objects. Uspekhi sovremen-
noy biologii 87(3):381-392, 1979.
109. Smolyanskaya, A.Z. & Vilenskaya, R.L. Action of electro-
magnetic radiation of the mm range on functional activity of
some genetic elements of bacterial cells. UFN 110(3):458-
460, 1973.
110. Soldatchenkov, V.N., Bitkin, S.V., Tomashevskaya, L.A., et
al. Functional condition of the offspring of rats subjected to
local ex p o s u re to EHF EMR. Pages 153-154 in
Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Use of mm
Electromagnetic Radiation in Medicine, Proceedings of the
1st All-Union Symposium with International
Participation. Kiev: VNK “Otklik,” 1989, 404 pp.
111. Sologub, V.V., Mikityuk, I.Yu., Ugarov, B.N. & Rozhavin,
M.A. Microflora of the skin at acupuncture zones of patients
undergoing microwave resonance therapy. Ibid. p. 332.
112. Study of mechanisms of non-thermal influence of mm and
sub-mm radiation on biological objects. Proceedings of the
Fifth All-Union Seminar, 28-30 September 1983. Moscow:
AN SSSR, 1983, 36 pp.
113. Subbotina, T.I. & Yashin, A.A. New approach to extremely
high frequency therapy using the results of irradiation of
exposed organs of animals. Physics of the Alive 6(1):23-33,
1998.
114. Subbotina, T.I., Yashin, M.A. & Yashin, A.A. Research on
the negative influence of low-energy SHF radiation on the
body and conclusions for clinical-diagnostic practice. Ibid.
p. 34.
115. Successes in Physical Sciences. From Scientific Session of
the Department of General Physics and Astronomy of AN
SSSR (17-18 January 1973) 110(3):452-469, 1973.
116. Sveshnikova, L.V. Chovnyuk, Yu.V. & Matsibura, A.P.
Application of an evolutionary-simulative method of calcu-
lating doses absorbed by bioobjects in the EHF range for
ecological-medical-biological research. Ibid. 5(2), 1997.
117. Tambiev, A.Kh. & Kirikova, N.N. Prospects for application
of electro m agnetic ra d i ation in photobiotech n o l ogy.
International Symposium “Millimeter Waves of Non-ther-
mal Intensity in Medicine.” Moscow: IRE AN SSSR, 1991.
118. Tishchuk, S.P. & Yakunov, A.V. Role of spectral composi-
tion in cellular effects of millimeter waves. Elektronnaya
obrabotka materialov 3:59-60, 1992.
119. Tomashevskaya,L.A. & Dumanskiy Yu.D. Influence of low-
intensity 8-mm wave EMF on some exchange processes.
Pages 135-137 in Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Use
of mm Electromagnetic Radiation in Medicine: Proceedings
of the 1st All-Union Symposium with Intern at i o n a l
Participation. Kiev:VNK “Otklik,” 1989, 404 pp.
120. Use of EHF Radiation of Low Intensity in Biology and
Medicine: Proceedings of the Seventh All-Union Seminar,
13-15 November 1989,Zvenigorod. Moscow: 1989,164 pp.
121. Use of mm Radiation of Low Intensity in Biology and
Medicine., N.D. Devyatkov ed. Moscow: AS USSR, 1985,
284 pp.
122. Use of mm Radiation of Low Intensity in Biology and
Medicine. All-Union Seminar: Proceedings. Zvenigorod, 1-
3 December 1986. Moscow: 1986, 111 pp.
123. Vilenskaya, R.L., Smolyanskaya, A.Z. & Adamenko, V.G.
Induction of colin synthesis with the help of millimeter radi-
ation. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 4:52-
55, 1972.
124. Volchenko, V.N., Kolbun, N.D. & Lobarev, V.Ye. Methods
and results of evaluation of physical fields of human opera-
tors in various EMR ranges. Fundamental and Applied
Aspects of Use of mm Electro m agnetic Radiation in
Medicine: Proceedings of the 1st All-Union Symposium
with Intern ational Pa rt i c i p at i o n . K i ev : VNK “ O t k l i k ,”
1989, pp. 175-176.
125. Vo ro p a ev, S. F. , O s t rov s k i y, A . B. , D o b ry n i n , A.A. &
Verkhoturova, N.V. Dynamics of parameters of e l e c t ro e n-
cephalographic activity of the brain during EHF therapy.
Apparatniy kompleks “Elektronika-KVCh” i yevo primene-
nie v meditsine. L.G. Gassanova, ed. Moscow: 1991, 156
pp. NPO “Saturn, Kiev, pp. 71-74.
126. Ye s ep k i n a , N. A . , Ko ro l ’ kov, D. V. & Pa ri y s k i y, Yu . N.
Radiotelescopes and Radiometers. Moscow: Nauka, 1972,
416 pp.
127. Zablotskiy, Ya.V. & Spitkovskiy, A.I. Instrumental record-
ing of reactions of the human organism undergoing low-
intensity EHF therapy. Fundamental and Applied Aspects of
30
No Place To Hide
Page 31
Use of mm Electro m agnetic Radiation in Medicine:
P roceedings of the 1st All-Union Symposium with
International Participation. Kiev: VNK “Otklik,” 1989, pp.
171-172.
128. Zablotskiy, Ya.V. & Spitkovskiy, A.I. Objectivization of
meridians of Oriental medicine in the human organism
through electrical characteristics of the skin. Ibid., p. 173.
129. Z a ly u b ov s k aya , N. P. , G o rd i e n ko , O.I. & Kiselev, R . I .
Action of super-high frequency electromagnetic fields on
e ry t h ro cytes during their low - t e m p e rat u re pre s e rvat i o n .
Problemy gematologii i perelivaniya krovi 20(4):31-33,
1975.
130. Zalyubovskaya, N.P. & Kiselev, R.I. Electron-microscopic
research on reactions of tissue cultures to the influence of
electromagnetic waves of the mm range. Primenenie elek-
tronnoy mikroskopii v materialovedenii, biologii i meditsine
2:14-15, Kiev, 1975.
131. Zalyubovskaya, N.P. & Kiselev, R.I. Principles and criteria
of evaluation of the influence of mm-range EMR on biolog-
ical objects. Vestnik Khar’kov s kovo Gosunive rs i t e t a
130(4):138-141, 1975.
II. In English:
132. D e m ch e n cko , A . P. U l t raviolet Spectro s c o py of Pro t e i n .
Berlin: Springer, 1986, p. 220.
133. G e l e t y u k , V. I . , K a z a ch e n ko , V. N. , C h e m e ri s , N.K. &
Fesenko, E.E. Dual effects of microwaves on single Ca2+-
activated K+ channels in cultured cells Vero. FEBS Lett.
359:85-88, 1995.
134.I va n ch e n ko , I . A . , A n d re ev, E . A . , L i zog u b, V. G. &
Sveshnikova, L.V. Space-time Distribution of Normal and
Pat h o l ogical Human Skin Dielectric Pro p e rties in the
Millimeter Wave Range. Electro- and Mag n e t o b i o l ogy
13:15-19, 1994.
135. Khizhnyak, E.P. & Ziskin, M.C. Heating patterns in biolog-
ical tissue phantoms caused by millimeter wave electro-
m agnetic irra d i ation. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.
41(9):865-873, 1994.
136. Kyselev, R.I. & Zalubovskaya, N.P. Study inhibiting effect
of superhigh frequency millimeter wave on adenovirus. U.S.
Joint Publ. Research Service Rep. JPRS 4/5615, pp. 71-76.
137. Rojavin, M.A., Tsygankov, A.Y. & Ziskin, M.C. In vivo
e ffects of millimeter waves on cellular immunity of
cy cl o p h o s p h a m i d e - t re ated mice. E l e c t ro- and Mag n e t o-
biology 16(3):281-292, 1997.
138. Sit’ko, S.P. & Mkrtchian, L.N. Introduction to Quantum
Medicine. Kiev: Pattern, 1994, 126 pp.
139. Sit’ko, S.P. & Yanenko, A.F. Direct registration of the non-
equilibrium electromagnetic radiation of a human body in
mm-range. Physics of the Alive 5(2):60, 1997.
140.S k ri p n i k , Yu . A . , Pe reg u d ov, S. N. & Ya n e n ko , A . F.
Radiometric system for investigation of radiation of biolog-
ical objects. Physics of the Alive 6(1):19-22, 1998.
141. Zaloubovskaya, N.P. & Kiselev, R.I. Biological oxidation in
cells under the influence of radiowaves in the millimeter
range. U.S. Joint Pub. Research Service Rep. JPRS 1/7957,
Aug. 15, 1978, pp. 6-11.
142. Zaloubovskaya, N.P. & Kiselev, R.I. Effects of electromag-
netic waves of the mm range on the energy metabolism of
liver mitochondria. U.S. Joint Pub. Research Service Rep.
JPRS 70107 Jan. 7, 1977, pp. 51-52.
14 June 2000
Kiev, Ukraine
February, 2001 – Supplement
31
Page 32
32
No Place To Hide
Page 33
February, 2001 – Supplement
33